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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article

Front. Immunol.

Sec. Parasite Immunology

Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1636232

New mechanistic insights into macrophage extracellular trap formation induced by a parasitic nematode, Strongyloides stercoralis

Provisionally accepted
  • 1National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
  • 2Intracellular Parasite Education and Research Labs (iPEARL), Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani, Pilani, India
  • 3Department of Molecular Parasitology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

Macrophages execute host defense against pathogens by releasing extracellular traps (METs) composed of DNA meshwork and antimicrobial proteins. Although MET-mediated pathogen immobilization is well documented, the induction mechanisms of MET generation by helminth parasites remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate that Strongyloides stercoralis larvae induce rapid chromatin extrusion in murine macrophages. Unlike neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation, MET formation does not require NADPH oxidase and exhibits distinct ultrastructural characteristics, including endoplasmic reticulum vesiculation, perinuclear space dilation, and inner nuclear membrane budding. Phosphoproteomic analysis revealed that MET formation is coordinately regulated by ERK and AKT signaling, F-actin cytoskeletal remodeling, histone acetylation, and phosphorylation of nuclear envelope (NE) proteins. Specifically, we show that protein kinase C zeta isoform (PKCζ)-mediated lamin A/C phosphorylation drives the NE budding and subsequent DNA expulsion. This work represents the first systematic delineation of the cellular dynamics and molecular machinery underlying MET formation, providing new insights into macrophage-directed anti-helminth immunity.

Keywords: extracellular traps, macrophage, Nuclear Envelope, phosphoproteomics, Strongyloides stercoralis

Received: 27 May 2025; Accepted: 03 Oct 2025.

Copyright: © 2025 Zhou, Zhang, Zhu, Wang, Liu, Gupta and Hu. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

* Correspondence:
Taoxun Zhou, 15927051466@163.com
Min Hu, mhu@mail.hzau.edu.cn

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