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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article

Front. Immunol.

Sec. Cancer Immunity and Immunotherapy

Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1645549

This article is part of the Research TopicImmunological Mechanisms, Clinical Presentations, and Outcomes of Neurological Toxicities Induced by Immune Checkpoint InhibitorsView all articles

Cerebral small vessel disease as a possibly immune-related adverse event of immunotherapy in lung cancer patients: a retrospective study

Provisionally accepted
Na  WuNa Wu1Dongmei  ZhouDongmei Zhou1Xiaoyu  GuoXiaoyu Guo2Jia  LiuJia Liu1Jiafan  LiuJiafan Liu1Fan  LiuFan Liu1Xiaonan  WangXiaonan Wang1*
  • 1The First Hospital of China Medical University, Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Shenyang, China
  • 2The First Hospital of China Medical University, Department of Medical Oncology, Shenyang, China

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

Background: This clinical study aims to investigate the incidence of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) in lung cancer patients treated with ICIs and to analyze its risk factors by comparing the clinical features and laboratory tests in ICIs-treated lung cancer patients with or without CSVD. Methods: This retrospective study included 400 hospitalized patients from January 2018 to May 2024. All patients had confirmed lung cancer, received at least one cycle of ICIs, and underwent cranial MR imaging before and after ICIs treatment. Information from the medical records, including clinical features, MR imaging findings, laboratory tests, complications, treatment, and clinical outcomes, was extracted for analysis. Results: 104 (26%) patients with CSVD were confirmed and 53.25% were aged≥65 years. Risk factors identified as independent predictors of CSVD included age (OR, 1.03), stage IV (OR, 2.87), and hyperlipidemia (OR, 1.02). In the CSVD group, FT4 levels decreased significantly between baseline and at the time of CSVD diagnosis, from 13.21 ± 4.56 pmol/L to 11.01 ± 2.11 pmol/L. TSH levels increased from 4.12 ± 0.46 pmol/L to 4.78 ± 1.13 pmol/L, cysteine C levels increased from 1.01 ± 0.98 mg/L to 1.29 ± 0.86 mg/L, PLR increased from 164.93 ± 27.86 to 171.27 ± 32.29 and SII rose from 774.28 ± 53.57 to 790.65 ± 68.34. All of them had no significance in the Non-CSVD group. Further Cox regression analysis showed that hypothyroidism (HR=2.38; 95% CI:1.89-5.04, P=0.005) was independent risk factors for CSVD. The incidence of hypothyroidism was 19.5% (78/400), and 43.6% (34/78) among them had CSVD. As predictors of CSVD, the cut point for FT4 was 11.84 pmol/L, and for TSH, it was 4.23 pmol/L. In Survival Analysis, CSVD did not show a significant impact on the median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of lung cancer patients. Conclusion: This study found that CSVD may be a related adverse event of immunotherapy in lung cancer patients. In addition to age≥65 years, hyperlipidemia and stage IV, hypothyroidism, elevated cysteine C levels, and elevated systemic inflammatory markers such as PLR and SII were further associated with an increased risk of CSVD.

Keywords: lung cancer, immune checkpoint inhibitors, cancer immunotherapy, Neurological adverse event, Cerebral small vessel disease

Received: 12 Jun 2025; Accepted: 07 Aug 2025.

Copyright: © 2025 Wu, Zhou, Guo, Liu, Liu, Liu and Wang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

* Correspondence: Xiaonan Wang, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Shenyang, China

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