ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Immunol.
Sec. Microbial Immunology
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1653309
Sex-Dependent Modulation of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome by Bacteroides acidifaciens: Gut Microbiome Impact on Lung Inflammation
Provisionally accepted- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, & Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, United States
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Bacteroides acidifaciens (BA), a common gut commensal, is known to modulate immune responses, but its role in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and potential sex-specific effects remain poorly understood. To investigate this, male and female mice were colonized with BA prior to induction of ARDS using dual doses of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), a potent superantigen that triggers cytokine storm–driven lung injury. Clinical parameters, histopathology, gene expression, ELISA, flow cytometry, and gut barrier assessments were used to evaluate outcomes. BA pre-treatment significantly improved lung function, and attenuated pulmonary inflammation in male mice, correlating with increased IL-22, expansion of γδ T cells, and upregulation of colonic tight junction proteins. In contrast, BA exacerbated ARDS symptoms in females, increasing Th17 responses, neutrophil infiltration, and IgA-associated immune activation while impairing gut barrier integrity. These findings reveal that BA exerts divergent, sex-dependent effects in ARDS, highlighting the critical need to consider sex as a biological variable in microbiome-based therapies targeting inflammatory lung disease.
Keywords: Bacteroides acidifaciens1, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)2, sex differences3, gut-lung axis4, microbiome-host interactions5
Received: 24 Jun 2025; Accepted: 02 Sep 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Staley, Walkup, Oxendine, Mauya, Williams, Busbee and Wilson. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Kiesha Wilson, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, & Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, United States
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