REVIEW article
Front. Immunol.
Sec. Vaccines and Molecular Therapeutics
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1655819
Personalized immunization to optimize vaccine immunogenicity: exploring the multidimensional effects of host intrinsic factors, external intervention strategies, and the external environment
Provisionally accepted
- 1Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
- 2Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
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Vaccines are a fundamental tool in the prevention and control of infectious diseases; however, significant individual variability in immunogenicity exists. This variability is not solely attributable to vaccine characteristics but is also influenced by a range of factors. This review systematically examines the key factors influencing vaccine immunogenicity, with particular emphasis on host-intrinsic factors (e.g., metabolic status, genetic background), personalized external interventions, such as optimized vaccine delivery techniques (e.g., aspiration-based skin delivery) and immunomodulatory adjuvant therapies (e.g., acupuncture, moxibustion, and near-infrared light therapy), as well as environmental exposures and immune memory. By examining the mechanisms and recent research advancements associated with these factors, this paper seeks to provide a foundation for the development of personalized vaccination strategies to address future public health challenges.
Keywords: Vaccine, Immunogenicity, Metabolism, Genetics, Acupuncture, mox ibustion, near-infrared light therapy
Received: 28 Jun 2025; Accepted: 11 Aug 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Chen, Gu, Li, Xu, Wang, Zhang and Li. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence:
Yanjun Zhang, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
Jianhua Li, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.