MINI REVIEW article
Front. Immunol.
Sec. Cancer Immunity and Immunotherapy
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1661327
This article is part of the Research TopicNeural influences on tumor immunity: Exploring neuroimmunology in cancerView all 10 articles
Targeting the Neuroimmune Axis in Glioblastoma: Emerging Strategies for Precision Immunotherapy
Provisionally accepted
- 1Sichuan University West China Second University Hospital, Chengdu, China
- 2Key Laboratory of Birth and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry Education, Chengdu, China
- 3Department of Radiology, Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- 4Department of Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and fatal primary brain malignancy in adults, and therapeutic gains have been modest despite multimodal standard care. Immunotherapy offers a promising alternative, yet its performance in GBM is constrained by a profoundly immunosuppressive neuro-immune micro-environment, the physical and functional barriers of the blood–brain interface, and adaptative resistance pathways. In this review we summarise recent progress in myeloid-reprogramming agents, immune-checkpoint modulation, adoptive cellular therapies and device-enabled delivery platforms that seek to revitalise anti-tumour surveillance within the central nervous system. We also discuss enduring challenges—including intratumoral spatial heterogeneity, limited effector lymphocyte trafficking and the scarcity of robust predictive biomarkers—that temper durable responses. By thoughtfully integrating immunologic approaches with radiotherapy, anti-angiogenic agents, metabolic modifiers and focused-ultrasound-mediated blood–brain-barrier disruption, emerging strategies aspire to enhance immune infiltration, bolster antigen presentation and overcome region-specific barriers. Our synthesis provides a appraisal of the evolving landscape of precision immunotherapy for GBM, offering perspective on future directions and avenues for clinical translation. We hope these insights will assist researchers and clinicians as they endeavour to develop more effective and individualised treatment regimens for patients confronted with this formidable disease.
Keywords: gliomas, radiation therapy, Survival Prediction, Guideline Adherence, Neuro-Oncology, Glioblastoma, Neuro-immune axis, Immunotherapy
Received: 07 Jul 2025; Accepted: 20 Aug 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Lang, Zhang and Wang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Yuhe Wang, Department of Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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