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REVIEW article

Front. Immunol.

Sec. Cytokines and Soluble Mediators in Immunity

Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1662643

This article is part of the Research TopicCytokines in inflammatory, infectious and noninfectious diseasesView all 4 articles

Chemokines as potential biomarkers for predicting the course of COVID-19 -a review of the literature

Provisionally accepted
Blanka WOLSZCZAK BiedrzyckaBlanka WOLSZCZAK Biedrzycka1*Beata CieślikiewiczBeata Cieślikiewicz1Filip studniarzFilip studniarz2Łukasz DąbrowskiŁukasz Dąbrowski3Mateusz FąsMateusz Fąs2Krystyna Matyszkiewicz-SuchodolskaKrystyna Matyszkiewicz-Suchodolska2Monika HarasimowiczMonika Harasimowicz3Justyna DorfJustyna Dorf4
  • 1University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
  • 2Oncology Center of the Region of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
  • 3Diagnostyka SA, Kraków, Poland
  • 4Uniwersytet Medyczny w Bialymstoku, Bialystok, Poland

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Abstract Word count: 202 17 Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, research has been ongoing to find the 18 best diagnostic parameters to identify patients with a high risk of severe infection. Numerous studies have examined chemokine biomarkers in COVID-19 as a 19 biomarker for high risk patients. The four main structural proteins of the SARS-CoV-2, spike 20 protein, membrane protein, envelope protein and nucleocapsid protein enable the virus to 21 penetrate host cells and stimulate the immune system. SARS-CoV-2 enters host cells via ACE2 22 in upper respiratory tract the virus entries by binding to the spike protein. Uncontrolled 23 activation and enhancement of the immune response leads to massive release of cytokines and 24 chemokines known as cytokine storm (CS). Chemokines are described as important 25 cytokines in COVID-19 with a potential role as prognostic factor particularly for the severity 26 of the infection and the risk of death from complications, to identify high-risk patients. Our review contains chemokines (CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CXCL8, CXCL10), which level is significantly higher in patients with COVID-19 infection vs control individuals.

Keywords: COVID-19, Cytokine storm, Chemokines, SARS-CoV-2, biomarkers

Received: 09 Jul 2025; Accepted: 25 Aug 2025.

Copyright: © 2025 WOLSZCZAK Biedrzycka, Cieślikiewicz, studniarz, Dąbrowski, Fąs, Matyszkiewicz-Suchodolska, Harasimowicz and Dorf. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

* Correspondence: Blanka WOLSZCZAK Biedrzycka, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland

Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

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