ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Immunol.
Sec. Alloimmunity and Transplantation
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1670370
This article is part of the Research TopicCommunity Series in Renal Fibrosis and Renal Transplantation: Vol. IIView all articles
Visualizing Early Allograft Rejection: An M1 Macrophage-Specific GLUT1 Probe Predicts TCMR Onset in Renal Transplantation
Provisionally accepted
Zhaoxiang Wang1weifan Chao1Jingliang Zhang1
Ruochen Qi1Shichao Han1
Changhong Shi2
Hongtao Song1Yuxuan Du1
Zhengxuan Li1Lang Li3Shuaijun Ma1*
Weijun Qin1*- 1Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
- 2Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
- 3Skills Training Center, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Abstract Background T cell-mediated rejection (TCMR) represents a leading cause of graft dysfunction and even patient mortality following transplantation. Percutaneous biopsy for monitoring T-cell-mediated rejection (TCMR) presents several inherent limitations, including its invasive nature, the risk of procedure-related infections, potential iatrogenic injury to the graft kidney, and issues related to delayed monitoring. This study seeks to identify novel monitoring modalities to achieve early, non-invasive, dynamic monitoring of allograft rejection. Methods The transplanted kidneys of Wistar-SD allogeneic kidney transplantation rats were analyzed by pathological methods and single-cell sequencing technology to identify the upregulated targets when rejection occurs. Based on these targets, a library was constructed and screened to obtain fluorescent probes for specific monitoring of rejection. After completing the safety verification of the probes, flow cytometry and in vivo imaging technology were used to verify the monitoring effect of the probes on rejection in vitro and in vivo, respectively. Results In this study, we rationally developed a near-infrared fluorescent probe, XJYZ, for the in vivo imaging of M1 macrophages. We evaluated the capability of XJYZ for the early monitoring of rejection in an allogeneic renal transplantation model. In vivo imaging demonstrated that XJYZ preferentially accumulated within the allograft,
Keywords: Kidney Transplantation, T cell-mediated rejection, M1-type macrophages, Fluorescent probe, rejection reaction monitoring
Received: 21 Jul 2025; Accepted: 05 Sep 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Wang, Chao, Zhang, Qi, Han, Shi, Song, Du, Li, Li, Ma and Qin. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence:
Shuaijun Ma, Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
Weijun Qin, Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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