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REVIEW article

Front. Immunol.

Sec. Cancer Immunity and Immunotherapy

Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1695716

CAR-T therapy for neuroendocrine neoplasms: a review of molecular targets and clinical translation

Provisionally accepted
  • 1Laboratory of Genomic Medicine, Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow, Russia
  • 2Laboratory of Cell Biology, Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow, Russia
  • 3Department of Clinical Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow, Russia

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) represent a heterogeneous group of malignancies. In metastatic and progressive forms, standard therapies are often ineffective. CAR-T therapy, which has demonstrated remarkable efficacy in hematologic malignancies, is considered a promising approach for NEN treatment, despite significant barriers inherent to solid tumors. This review aims to comprehensively analyze and systematize current scientific data on the development of CAR-T therapy for NENs of various origins. It focuses on relevant molecular targets, preclinical findings demonstrating the efficacy and safety profiles of CAR-T cells directed against potential targets, and the current status of early-phase (I/II) clinical trials for CAR-T therapy in NENs. The review examines major barriers to CAR-T therapy in solid tumors, including NENs, and presents innovative strategies to overcome them. Further research and clinical trials focusing on therapy personalization, enhanced safety and efficacy, and the development of combination approaches are essential for the successful integration of CAR-T therapy into clinical practice and for improving outcomes in patients with treatment-refractory NENs.

Keywords: CAR-T therapy, Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs), chimeric antigen receptor(CAR), somatostatin receptors (SSTR), DLL3, solid tumors, Immunotherapy, personalizedtherapy

Received: 30 Aug 2025; Accepted: 02 Oct 2025.

Copyright: © 2025 Golounina, Minniakhmetov, Khusainova, Loguinova, Salakhov, Fan and Mokrysheva. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

* Correspondence: Olga Golounina, olga.golounina@mail.ru

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