Your new experience awaits. Try the new design now and help us make it even better

REVIEW article

Front. Immunol.

Sec. Autoimmune and Autoinflammatory Disorders : Autoimmune Disorders

Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1696932

Targeting Lactate Metabolism to Restore Immune Homeostasis: A Precision Therapeutic Paradigm for Rheumatoid Arthritis

Provisionally accepted
Lin  ZhengLin Zheng1,2*Xinyu  AXinyu A2Shiyu  MAShiyu MA3Bo  XuBo Xu1Zheng  XiangZheng Xiang2Cao  BoranCao Boran1Jun  ShenJun Shen1Xirui  XuXirui Xu2Yiwei  ChengYiwei Cheng2Lei  RanLei Ran1Qi  ShiQi Shi2Yanqin  BianYanqin Bian1Lianbo  XiaoLianbo Xiao1*
  • 1Shanghai Guanghua Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai, China
  • 2Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
  • 3Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School Affiliated Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

The accumulation of lactate in synovial microenvironment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients is closely correlated with disease activity, with elevated lactate levels serving as both biomarkers and pathogenic mediators in RA progression. In recent years, mounting evidence has demonstrated that lactate-driven metabolic reprogramming constitutes the central hub of the immune-metabolic-bone destruction axis in RA. The accumulation of lactate in the synovial microenvironment triggers a cascade of immunoregulatory effects, and these metabolic alterations create a self-perpetuating cycle of inflammation and tissue destruction, which represents the fundamental cause of RA chronicity. Therefore, lactate metabolism has been identified as a therapeutic target, opening new avenues for precision medicine approaches in RA treatment. Novel therapeutic strategies targeting lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) inhibitors, monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs), and enzymes that regulate lactylation have shown promising preclinical results. Furthermore, combination therapies pairing metabolic modulators with conventional biologics demonstrate synergistic effects in suppressing inflammatory pathways while improving drug penetration into synovial tissues. Additionally, patient stratification based on lactate metabolic profiles enables personalized treatment approaches. In summary, targeting lactate metabolism represents a paradigm shift in RA treatment from symptom management toward metabolic restoration. The integration of metabolic modulators with existing therapeutic regimens holds promise for achieving sustained remission and preventing long-term joint damage.

Keywords: lactate metabolism, Rheumatoid arthritis, Immune homeostasis, precision therapy, lactylation, metabolic reprogramming

Received: 01 Sep 2025; Accepted: 07 Oct 2025.

Copyright: © 2025 Zheng, A, MA, Xu, Xiang, Boran, Shen, Xu, Cheng, Ran, Shi, Bian and Xiao. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

* Correspondence:
Lin Zheng, zhenglin0705@163.com
Lianbo Xiao, xiao_lianbo@163.com

Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.