REVIEW article
Front. Immunol.
Sec. Autoimmune and Autoinflammatory Disorders : Autoimmune Disorders
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1696932
Targeting Lactate Metabolism to Restore Immune Homeostasis: A Precision Therapeutic Paradigm for Rheumatoid Arthritis
Provisionally accepted- 1Shanghai Guanghua Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai, China
- 2Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- 3Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School Affiliated Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China
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The accumulation of lactate in synovial microenvironment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients is closely correlated with disease activity, with elevated lactate levels serving as both biomarkers and pathogenic mediators in RA progression. In recent years, mounting evidence has demonstrated that lactate-driven metabolic reprogramming constitutes the central hub of the immune-metabolic-bone destruction axis in RA. The accumulation of lactate in the synovial microenvironment triggers a cascade of immunoregulatory effects, and these metabolic alterations create a self-perpetuating cycle of inflammation and tissue destruction, which represents the fundamental cause of RA chronicity. Therefore, lactate metabolism has been identified as a therapeutic target, opening new avenues for precision medicine approaches in RA treatment. Novel therapeutic strategies targeting lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) inhibitors, monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs), and enzymes that regulate lactylation have shown promising preclinical results. Furthermore, combination therapies pairing metabolic modulators with conventional biologics demonstrate synergistic effects in suppressing inflammatory pathways while improving drug penetration into synovial tissues. Additionally, patient stratification based on lactate metabolic profiles enables personalized treatment approaches. In summary, targeting lactate metabolism represents a paradigm shift in RA treatment from symptom management toward metabolic restoration. The integration of metabolic modulators with existing therapeutic regimens holds promise for achieving sustained remission and preventing long-term joint damage.
Keywords: lactate metabolism, Rheumatoid arthritis, Immune homeostasis, precision therapy, lactylation, metabolic reprogramming
Received: 01 Sep 2025; Accepted: 07 Oct 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Zheng, A, MA, Xu, Xiang, Boran, Shen, Xu, Cheng, Ran, Shi, Bian and Xiao. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence:
Lin Zheng, zhenglin0705@163.com
Lianbo Xiao, xiao_lianbo@163.com
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