Temporal modulation of gene expression in a controlled Schistosoma mansoni human infection model

Dawei Li¹Chuan Jiang¹Wenyu Zhu¹Emma L Houlder²Koen Alexander Stam²Jan Pieter R Koopman²Marijke Langenberg²Ranmali Kavishna³Sarah Torkzadeh³Björn Andersson³Josefine Persson³Aravindan Kalyanasundaram¹Mumtaz Y Balkhi¹Desalegn W Kifle¹Aryandra Arya¹Hyon Jin Jeon⁴Birkneh Tilahun Tadesse⁴Sean A Gray⁵Darrick Carter⁵Alison Elliott⁶Florian Marks⁴Ali M Harandi³Meta Roestenberg²Afzal A Siddiqui^1*

• ¹immunology and molecular microbioogy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, tx, United States
• ²Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden, Netherlands
• ³Goteborgs universitet Institutionen for biomedicin, Gothenburg, Sweden
• ⁴International Vaccine Institute, Gwanak-gu, Republic of Korea
• ⁵PAI Life Sciences Inc, Seattle, United States
• ⁶MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda

Background Schistosomiasis is caused by parasitic blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma. Despite ongoing mass drug administration efforts, the disease remains a major public health burden in endemic regions. A better understanding of early host responses to schistosomiasis is critical for developing effective vaccines and therapeutics. Methods We conducted a longitudinal transcriptomic study of peripheral blood samples from 30 Schistosoma-naïve volunteers participating in two controlled human infection trials with male-or female-only S. mansoni cercariae. Blood was collected at six time points over 20 weeks post-infection. Whole-transcriptome RNA sequencing and integrative analyses, including differential gene expression, gene set enrichment, protein interaction networks, co-expression clustering, and immune module profiling, were employed to characterize temporal modulation of genes related to immune responses. Results Robust and highly time-dependent transcriptional responses were observed, peaking at Week 4 post-infection. Differential gene expression and pathway analyses revealed activation of immune responses, including type I and II interferon signaling, chemokine-mediated pathways, and antigen presentation. Notably, both Th1 and Th2 signatures were evident at Week 4. Key immune hubs included IFNG, TNF, and IL1B, along with transcriptional regulators such as STAT1 and IRF7. Blood transcription module analysis further highlighted transient activation of interferon and plasma cell-related responses. Conclusions This study provides a comprehensive transcriptional map of early host responses to S. mansoni infection in humans. The findings underscore the central role of interferon pathways, early mixed Th1/Th2 polarization, and inflammation-associated gene signatures in shaping host response to S. mansoni infection. These insights may inform the rational design of vaccines and biomarkers for schistosomiasis.