SPACA6-hosted miR-99b~125a~let-7e cluster shapes melanoma resistance by modulating mTOR-mediated immunosuppression

Viviana Vallacchi¹Gianpiero Lupoli¹Eriomina Shahaj²Mariachiara Aloisi³Stefano Bergamini¹Simona Frigerio¹Loris De Cecco¹Barbara Vergani⁴Katia Todoerti¹Cristina Banfi⁵Lorenza Di Guardo¹Gianfrancesco Gallino¹Mara Cossa¹Barbara Valeri¹Licia Rivoltini¹Veronica Huber^1*Monica Rodolfo¹Elisabetta Vergani^1*

• ¹Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
• ²UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
• ³Julius-Maximilians-Universitat Wurzburg, Würzburg, Germany
• ⁴Universita degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
• ⁵Centro Cardiologico Monzino Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy

Genomic, non-genomic, and immune alterations contribute to melanoma resistance to BRAF and MEK inhibitors. Here, we investigated the role of the SPACA6-hosted miR-99b~125a~let-7e cluster in modulating inflammatory processes and therapy resistance. We found that miR-99b, miR-125a, and let-7e were upregulated in progressing tumors from treated melanoma patients compared with untreated lesions, and in patients with short response duration compared with long-term responders. Similarly, miR-99b~125a~let-7e expression levels were high in melanoma cell lines with acquired resistance to BRAF/MEK inhibitors, showing upregulation of immunosuppressive cytokines. Combined inhibition of miR-99b, miR-125a and let-7e during drug treatment reduced proliferation of resistant cells and decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as CCL2, IL6, and IL8. Conversely, enforced overexpression of these miRNAs in drug sensitive cells promoted resistance and enhanced cytokine transcripts. In silico miR-99b, miR-125a and let-7e target gene analysis uncovered GNAI1, ADCY1 and NR6A1 genes in lipid metabolism pathways linked to BRAF/MEK inhibitor resistance, which converge on the activation of the mTOR signaling, and show down-regulation in resistant cells and tumors. RNA-seq and proteomic profiling of 3D cultures of patient-derived melanoma explants demonstrated that inhibition of the miR-99b~125a~let-7e cluster reprogrammed the tumor microenvironment, enhancing immune activation and suppressing mTOR signaling. Together, these findings identify the SPACA6-hosted miR-99b~125a~let-7e cluster as a regulator of BRAF/MEK inhibitor resistance through promotion of tumor survival and of an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Targeting this miRNA cluster may provide novel therapeutic opportunities to overcome drug resistance in metastatic melanoma.