Synergistic nano-vaccine strategy for comprehensive activation of adaptive and innate immunity against Staphylococcus aureus infection

Jiayue Xi¹Minxuan Cui¹Zhuoyue Shi¹zhuo Wan²Yufei Hou¹Nan Sun¹Muqiong Li¹Zhengjun Ma¹Yupu Zhu¹Xin He¹Qian Yang¹Zhuojun Shi¹Huifang Nie¹Chaojun Song^3*Li Fan^1*

• ¹Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
• ²Air Force Medical University Tangdu Hospital, Xi'an, China
• ³Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China

record, please see the below.• Please do not use any extra formatting when editing the templates, and only modify the red text unless absolutely necessary • Submit to Frontiers following the instructions on this page.When the original text contained incorrect information, to preserve the scientific record, please include that text when editing the below templates. For example:There was a mistake in the Funding statement, an incorrect number was used. The correct number is "2015C03Bd051.". The publisher apologizes for this mistake.The original version of this article has been updated. "[As a critical effector of innate immunity and a bridge to adaptive immunity, IL-17A plays a pivotal role in host defense. Similar trend was found in the IL-17A ELISPOT assay compared with the IFN-γ secretion results. For single antigen loading, 25% NPs vaccines elicited 249 (25% NPs-rEsxA) and 203 (25% NPs-rEsxB) IL-17A spots, about 4.4-fold higher than Alum ones (Figures 5F,G, Supplementary Figure S5). Moreover, for combined vaccines treatment groups, 25% NPs vaccine groups further amplified this immune response, with IL-17A production 470 and 353 spots for rEsxA and rEsxB, respectively. Except for the humoral and cellular immune response stimulation, the enhancement of innate immune response by 25% NPs adjuvant may lead to better body protection against S. aureus than Alum vaccines.]" The original version of this article has been updated.[The figure number is incorrect, the error is "As shown in Figure 7"]. A correction has been made to the section [In section 3.5]: "[Bacteriolysis assay was performed to evaluate the antibodydependent bactericidal activity elicited by vaccination with 25% NPs-based vaccines or Alum-adjuvanted vaccines, using free antigen and PBS as controls. As shown in Figure 6, antibodies from mice immunized with the 25% NPs vaccines exhibited a significantly enhanced capacity to promote bacterial clearance compared to those from the Alum group.]" The original version of this article has been updated.[In section 3.6, the content of figure number "Figure 6A, Figures 6B-D, Figures 6E, Figures 6F-H, Figure 6I " were totally incorrect]. A correction has been made to the section [In section 3.6, paragraph 1]: "[In order to investigate the body protection ability of the nanovaccines, we challenged the mice with the lethal dose (1×LD100) of S. aureus via vein tail administration at 35 days after the first immunization (Figure 7A). As respected, all mice in the PBS and free antigen groups died within 8 days (Supplementary Figure S6). In Alum adjuvant vaccine groups, the survival percentage was only 20% and 40% in Alum-rEsxA and Alum-rEsxB, respectively. Even in the Alum-rEsxA and Alum-rEsxB combined vaccination group, the survival percentage just reached 50% (Figures 7B-D). However, in 25% NPs adjuvant vaccines groups, no matter for single antigen loaded vaccine groups nor the combined vaccination group, the survival percentage was much higher than the corresponding Alum ones. Moreover, for 25% NPs-rEsxB and 25% NPs-rEsxA and 25% NPs-rEsxB combined vaccination groups, all animals survived in the lethal challenge experiment (Figure 7E).]"[In section 3.6, paragraph 3] "[Thus, we further double the challenge dose of S. aureus to test the difference of protection ability between the single antigen loaded and the combined vaccine groups when 25% NPs served as adjuvants. Undoubtedly, the animals of all PBS and free antigen vaccination groups died out within 5 days after challenge (Supplementary Figure S7). Moreover, the Alum vaccine groups, either for single antigen loaded or the combined vaccines groups, the animals died out within 8 days (Figures 7F-H). In contrast, some of the animals in 25% NPs vaccine groups kept alive till the end of the challenge experiment. 20% and 30% of the animals in 25% NPs-rEsxA and 25% NPs-rEsxB were alive, while the survival percentage reached 80% in 25% NPs-rEsxA and 25% NPs-rEsxB combined vaccination group (Figure 7I).]"The original version of this article has been updated. If you like to request a correction for a reason not seen here, please contact the journal's editorial office.