Introduction
Pseudomonas koreensis, a new nominated Gram-negative bacterium was first reported and isolated from Korean agricultural soil (Kwon et al., 2003). CRS05-R5 (first reported as Pseudomonas sp.), which showed biocontrol ability against Sitophilus oryzae and Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae (Liu et al., 2014), was first isolated from the rice rhizosphere in Heilongjiang province and reported in 2003 (Xie et al., 2003). Except for that, this species has been reported to produce the biosurfactant, which has biocontrol ability against Phytophthora infestans and Pythium ultimum (Hultberg et al., 2010a,b). These interesting features raise our attention on CRS05-R5. Recently, we sequenced the 16S rRNA sequence from CRS05-R5 and built the phylogenetic tree (Figure S1). Based on that, we confirmed that CRS05-R5 should be classified as P. koreensis. However, only one genome was sequenced (D26) and no detailed analysis was performed on this species. In this case, we did whole-genome sequencing on CRS05-R5, and tried to reveal the possible mechanism behind its antagonistic ability.
Methods
Genomic DNA isolation
Single colony of CRS05-R5 was inoculated into 5 ml NB (Nutrient Broth, BD, USA) at 30°C with 180 rpm vigorous shaking. 2.5 ml of culture broth was used to isolate the genomic DNA. DNA was extracted by Wizard Genomic DNA Purification Kit (Promega, Madison, WI, USA). The quality of purified genomic DNA was tested by using NanoDrop 2000 UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, MA, USA) and Qubit 2.0 fluorometer (Life Technologies, MA, USA), respectively.
Whole genome sequencing and annotation
Whole genome sequencing of CRS05-R5 was carried out by using PacBio RS II platform. Six hundred Megabytes raw data was obtained with 100X coverage. After quality control, genome assembly was de novo assembled using HGAP assembly protocol, which is available with the SMRT Analysis packages and accessed through the SMRT Analysis Portal version 2.1. Genome annotation was later done by using RAST annotation system (Overbeek et al., 2014). The completeness of the assembled genome was tested by CheckM with default parameters (Parks et al., 2015). In addition, GO and COG programs were used to do further functional analysis of all annotated ORFs (Ashburner et al., 2000; Tatusov et al., 2000). Specifically, since antagonistic bacteria, especially fluorescent pseudomonads, usually compete with other microorganisms by using secondary metabolism (Haas and Défago, 2005), genes, which are predicted to be involved in secondary metabolism were compared with DoBISCUIT database (Ichikawa et al., 2013). The circular genome map of CRS05-R5 including all predicted ORFs with COG functional assignments, rRNA, tRNA, G+C content, and GC skew information were generated using Circos (Krzywinski et al., 2009), as shown in Figure S2.
Genome comparison
Genome comparison among CRS05-R5 and other fully sequenced Pseudomonas genomes were carried out by using ANI (average nucleotide identity) and AF (alignment fraction), which were calculated by ANIcalculator (Varghese et al., 2015), and Circos (Krzywinski et al., 2009). In order to find out the unique genes in CRS05-R5, all the fully sequenced Pseudomonas genomes were downloaded from NCBI (58 genomes). The protein sequences from CRS05-R5 were compared with the protein sequences from these 58 genomes with 40% identity as cutoff. The protein sequences which cannot find any homologs in these 58 genomes were classified as unique genes.
Direct link to deposited data and information to users
This strain has been deposited in CGMCC with deposit number 1.15630. This genome sequencing project has been deposited at DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank under the Accession Number CP015852. The BioProject designation for this project is PRJNA322127.
Interpretation of data set
General genome sequence property
The total size of the genome is 5,991,224 bp and has a G+C content of 60.6%. The completeness and contamination of this genome is 99.86% and 0.05% after running the CheckM. These results indicate the high quality of assembled genome. A total of 5352 CDSs were predicted. Of these, 3832 could be assigned to a COG number. The most abundant COG category was “General function prediction only” (581 proteins) followed by “Signal transduction mechanisms” (547 proteins), “Amino acid transport and metabolism” (539 proteins), “Transcription” (448 proteins), and “Function unknown” (302 proteins). In addition, 82 RNAs including rRNA and tRNA were identified. All the genomic information was shown in Table 1.
Table 1
| Features | Value |
|---|---|
| Genome size(bp) | 5,991,224 |
| Contig numbers | 1 |
| G+C % | 60.6 |
| Protein-coding genes | 5352 |
| Protein with known function | 4363 |
| tRNA number | 76 |
| rRNA number | 6 |
| ncRNA number | 75 |
| Genes with signal peptides | 573 |
| Genes with transmembrane helices | 1187 |
Genome statistics.
Secondary metabolism in CRS05-R5
Biosurfactants are amphiphilic compounds produced by microorganisms (Mulligan, 2005). This compound, which is produced by Pseudomonas spp., has been widely used in biocontrol (Debode et al., 2007). In CRS05-R5 genome, more than 800 genes are predicted to be involved in secondary metabolism by comparing with DoBISCUIT database (Ichikawa et al., 2013). Interestingly, we found one gene cluster, which is annotated as cyclic lipopeptides (CLPs), exists in CRS05-R5 (arfABC). CLP is a kind of biosurfactant, and has been proved to be important in antagonistic Pseudomonas sp. (Raaijmakers et al., 2006). This information indicates that CRS05-R5 can be used as biocontrol agent.
Genome comparison
Strikingly, we found even the ANI value between CRS05-R5 and P. koreensis D26 is only 92.5% (Figure S3). Also, the highest AF value is only 74.2% (Table S1). Indeed, 631 CDSs were predicted to be unique genes existing in CRS05-R5 genome. These results indicate the huge genome diversity among Pseudomonas strains, which is consistent with previous findings (Loper et al., 2012). Circos result found many unique genes in CRS05-R5 (Figure 1). To better understand the features of these genes, Pseudomonas database was used to deeply annotate these genes (Winsor et al., 2011). Except for a lot of hypothetical proteins, we found one gene cluster encoding fimbrial associated proteins only existing in CRS05-R5 (A8L59_09240–A8L59_09310). These genes have been reported to be critical for the initial stage of biofilm development (Wei and Ma, 2013). Except for this gene cluster, we also found three rhs genes exist as the unique genes in CRS05-R5 (A8L59_00750, A8L59_09890, and A8L59_11585). These genes have been found to be linked to the second type VI secretion cluster in P. aeruginosa (Jones et al., 2014). Also, these genes have been reported to mediate intercellular competition (Koskiniemi et al., 2013). More strikingly, one rhs gene is located in a unique gene cluster (A8L59_11555–A8L59_11600). Although, most of the genes are hypothetical proteins, we may infer that this cluster maybe related with secretions. Indeed, by searching with TMHMM Server v. 2.0, which is a transmembrane helices prediction database (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/TMHMM/), we found that 3 genes (A8L59_11560, A8L59_11565, and A8L59_11600) have predicted transmembrane helices. Since biofilm and intercellular competition are very important for bacterial survival and adaptation, we infer that these genes may confer some fitness advantages for CRS05-R5 on the root of Oryza sativa. Also, we found one unique gene cluster (A8L59_18500–A8L59_18575), which encodes wbpL and other glycosyl transferase. These genes have been confirmed to be important in lipopolysaccharide formation (Rocchetta et al., 1998). These compounds have been proved to be important in plant roots colonization (Duijff et al., 1997) as well as induction of systemic resistance against some plant pathogens (Leeman et al., 1995). All these results strongly indicate the biocontrol potential of CRS05-R5 strain.
Figure 1
Funding
This work was supported by grants from the Natural Science Fund of China (grant No. 31521064), and the Chinese 973 Program (2013CBA01405).
Conflict of interest statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Statements
Author contributions
HL performed the experiments and write the manuscript. SH and RL helped in data analysis. PC, CG, and BZ coordinated the work and drafted the manuscript. LG conceived the work.
Acknowledgments
We thank Dr. Weijie Song for sequencing at Biology Technology Company of Guhe.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Supplementary material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01756/full/full#supplementary-material
Table S1The fraction of orthologous genes (Alignment Fraction, AF) value between CRS05-R5 and other Pseudomonas genomes.
Figure S1Phylogenetic relationships based on 16S rRNA gene sequences were determined by the neighbor-joining method with the program package MEGA 6.0 (Tamura et al., 2013). Bootstrap confidence values were obtained using 1000 resamplings. The tree shows the positions of strains CRS05-R5 and other selected Pseudomonas strains. Numbers at nodes indicate percentages of occurrence in 1000 bootstrapped trees; only values >50% are shown. Bar, 0.005 substitutions per site.
Figure S2Graphical map of the chromosome genome of P. koreensis CRS05-R5. From the outside to the center: genes on forward stand and Genes on reverse strand (color by COG categories), RNA genes (tRNAs green, rRNAs red, ncRNAs black), GC content, GC skew.
Figure S3Heatmap of Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) between CRS05-R5 and all the other sequenced Pseudomonas genomes.
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Summary
Keywords
biocontrol, Pseudomonas koreensis, PacBio, secondary metabolism, unique gene
Citation
Lin H, Hu S, Liu R, Chen P, Ge C, Zhu B and Guo L (2016) Genome Sequence of Pseudomonas koreensis CRS05-R5, an Antagonistic Bacterium Isolated from Rice Paddy Field. Front. Microbiol. 7:1756. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01756
Received
02 August 2016
Accepted
19 October 2016
Published
08 November 2016
Volume
7 - 2016
Edited by
John R. Battista, Louisiana State University, USA
Reviewed by
Seong Woon Roh, Korea Basic Science Institute, South Korea; Asaf Levy, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, USA
Updates
Copyright
© 2016 Lin, Hu, Liu, Chen, Ge, Zhu and Guo.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Longbiao Guo guolongb@mail.hz.zj.cn
This article was submitted to Evolutionary and Genomic Microbiology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Microbiology
†These authors have contributed equally to this work.
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