ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Microbiol.
Sec. Antimicrobials, Resistance and Chemotherapy
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1575021
This article is part of the Research TopicEmerging Antimicrobials: Sources, Mechanisms of Action, Spectrum of Activity, Combination Antimicrobial Therapy, and Resistance MechanismsView all 29 articles
2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol (DTB) from Endophytic Fungi Fusarium oxysporum attenuates the growth of MDR pathogens
Provisionally accepted
- 1School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
- 2School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
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Introduction: The continual emergence of drug-resistant pathogenic bacteria underscores the ongoing significance of discovering and developing new antibiotics. Endophytic species are an infinite source of several medicinally essential secondary metabolites.Methods: The current work focuses isolation of secondary metabolites from the endophytic Fusarium oxysporum TPL11 fungus of Tradescantia pallida plant. These fungal were spectrally analysed by NMR, FTIR, GC-MS and the structures were predicted. The pure compounds were tested for antagonistic susceptibility to Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) pathogens using disc diffusion, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), Time kill kinetics, Cytotoxicity assays.Results and discussion: Bioactivity-guided extraction of ethyl acetate fungal extract purification yielded a lead compound 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol (DTB) which was interpreted by combining 1 H, 13 C NMR and MS data. The compound DTB displayed antagonism against human pathogens with diameters ranging from 16 to 26 mm. The highest antagonistic effect was against MRSA (ATCC 700699) and VRE (ATCC 51299) with 21 ± 0.2 and 22 ± 0.5 mm zones of inhibition, respectively. The compound had MICs of 3.12 and 6.25 μg/mL, and MBCs of 0.78 and 3.12 μg/mL against MRSA (ATCC 700699) and VRE (ATCC 51299) respectively. The Time kil study reveals DTB displayed a bactericidal effect against pathogens at higher concentrations, indicating a concentration and time-dependent interaction. In an cytotoxicity it is more active against the cell line with a decrease in cell viability of 50.12% at 1000 µg/mL concentration. The results highlighted that compound 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol from F.oxysporum showed significant pharmaceutical potential, indicating its suitability as a lead molecule. The study outcome suggests that the active lead metabolites isolated for the first time from Fusarium oxysporum isolated from T.pallida plant can be an auspicious antibacterial agent for controlling multidrug-resistant pathogens marking a novel discovery in this domain.
Keywords: Fusarium oxysporum, global health, Antibiotic-resistant, Toxicity, Chromatography, compound 1
Received: 11 Feb 2025; Accepted: 22 May 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 V. Sundar and Arunachalam. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Sathiavelu Arunachalam, School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
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