ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Microbiol.
Sec. Virology
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1607334
Inactivated vaccines derived from bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) B3 strain elicit robust and specific humoral and cellular immune responses
Provisionally accepted
Ming-Guo Xu1Ao-Di Wu1Jing-Nan Liu2Zhong-Lian Yang1
Hong-Huan Li1Hai-Long Ma3Ning-Ning Yang4*Jin-Liang Sheng1*
Chuangfu Chen1*- 1College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uyghur Region, China
- 2Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Changji, China
- 3Department of biotechnology, Linxia modern Career Academy, Linxia, China
- 4College of Animal Science and Technology, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, China
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Bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease (BVD-MD) is a significant viral disease in cattle caused by infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). Xinjiang, a major pastoral region in China, is heavily affected by this disease. Owing to the high genetic variability of BVDV, developing crossprotection vaccines targeting predominant strains is essential. In this study, inactivated vaccines were developed using BVDV strains isolated from Xinjiang, including BVDV-1 (B1), BVDV-2 (B2), XJ-BVDV-3 (B3), and BVDV-LC (LC). BALB/c mice were immunized, and immune responses were assessed via ELISpot, ELISA, and virus neutralization assays. On day 42 post-immunization, the mice were challenged with BVDV, and the viral loads were quantified. The vaccines showed stable characteristics and sterility and are suitable for immunization studies. All the vaccines stimulated interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production, and the IFN-γ levels in the B1 and B3 groups were significantly higher than those in the commercial vaccine group (p < 0.0001). The ELISA results revealed specific IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a antibodies. Neutralization assays revealed that the B3-and LC-inactivated vaccine groups presented significantly higher neutralizing antibody titers than did the commercial vaccine group (p < 0.05). Tissue viral load detection revealed that the inactivated vaccines reduced the viral load across various tissues. In conclusion, this study developed inactivated vaccines from the B1, B2, B3, and LC strains, all of which induce robust immune responses. Among these, the B3 inactivated vaccine show great potential for commercialization, providing a valuable reference for BVDV prevention and control in Xinjiang.
Keywords: BVDV, B3, Xinjiang, Inactivated vaccines, Immune responses
Received: 07 Apr 2025; Accepted: 07 Jul 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Xu, Wu, Liu, Yang, Li, Ma, Yang, Sheng and Chen. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence:
Ning-Ning Yang, College of Animal Science and Technology, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, China
Jin-Liang Sheng, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uyghur Region, China
Chuangfu Chen, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uyghur Region, China
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