Bovine Respiratory Disease and Antimicrobial Resistance: Insights into Etiology, Clinical Manifestations,A One Health Perspective on Challenges and Sustainable Mitigation Strategies

Bukola Opeyemi Oluwarinde¹Blessing Chidinma Nwachukwu²Daniel Jesuwenu Ajose^3*

• ¹City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR China
• ²University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
• ³North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa

Globally, the cattle business is affected by bovine respiratory disease (BRD), often known as shipping fever, which is a multifactorial infectious respiratory illness of cattle caused by bacteria (Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Mycoplasma species), and viruses (Bovine Herpesvirus and Parainfluenza Virus). The burden of this disease, which includes low-quality beef production and, increased treatment costs amongst others, is greater in the tropics, particularly in many developing countries. Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) is a multifactorial infectious respiratory illness of cattle caused by bacteria and viruses. Antibiotics have proven to be effective in the treatment and management of bacterial BRD. However, the development of antibiotic resistance has resulted in ineffective therapeutic processes, thereby causing increased morbidity and mortality of cattle, posing higher production loss to the industry. This review presents an overview of the growing issues of antibiotic resistance in the livestock industry with respect to BRD pathogens. It also presents the strategies that can be embraced in mitigating antimicrobial resistance in BRDbovine respiratory disease within the food chain.