ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Microbiol.
Sec. Microbial Symbioses
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1651975
This article is part of the Research TopicMicrobial Interactions Across Species: Shaping Pathogenesis, Symbiosis, and Ecosystem DynamicsView all 8 articles
Sex-Specific Gut Microbiome Dynamics in Labeo catla: Links to Reproductive Hormones, Metabolic Dimorphism, and Environmental Factors
Provisionally accepted
Jitendra Kumar Sundaray*
Madhusmita Mohapatra
Avinash Rasal
Uday Kumar UditSriprakash MohantyDebasrita Mohanty
Ipsita Iswari Das
Lakshman SahooPramoda Kumar Sahoo- Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Bhubaneswar, India
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Gut microbiota play a critical role in aquaculture by enhancing nutrient metabolism, digestion, immune response, and reproductive performance in fish. Labeo catla, one of the most commercially important Indian major carps, demands better reproductive management; however, insights into its gut microbiome composition and functional dynamics, particularly during the crucial pre-spawning phase, remain limited. In this study, we investigated the structural and functional attributes of gut microbial communities in male and female L. catla reared in ICAR-CIFA ponds using high-throughput Illumina MiSeq 16S rRNA gene sequencing and examined their associations with reproductive traits. Histological analysis confirmed active gametogenesis in both sexes, while hormonal assays showed higher estradiol levels in females compared to males. Microbiome profiling revealed Proteobacteria as the dominant phylum, followed by Fusobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes. Cetobacterium and Shewanella were the most prevalent genera, with sex-specific differences in microbial diversity and composition. Functional prediction analysis identified genes associated with reproduction, lipid metabolism, digestion, and immunity. Correlation studies revealed a negative association between Bacteroidetes and 11-KT, while Shewanella and Serratia showed positive correlations with estradiol, indicating a potential role of gut microbes in modulating reproductive readiness. Canonical Correspondence and variance partitioning analyses revealed that gut microbiome variation in male and female L. catla was predominantly influenced by biological factors (63.97%) compared to environmental factors (20.99%). Notably, despite their low abundance, Clostridium perfringens and Pseudomonas stutzeri were identified as keystone taxa significantly shaping microbial network structure and stability. This study provides the first comprehensive insight into the sex-specific gut microbiome's dynamics in L. catla during the pre-spawning season and highlight their application in broodstock management and sustainable aquaculture practices.
Keywords: Gut Microbiota, high-throughput sequencing, functional diversity, environmental factors, Biological Factors
Received: 23 Jun 2025; Accepted: 15 Oct 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Sundaray, Mohapatra, Rasal, Udit, Mohanty, Mohanty, Das, Sahoo and Sahoo. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Jitendra Kumar Sundaray, jsundaray@gmail.com
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