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PERSPECTIVE article

Front. Microbiol.

Sec. Infectious Agents and Disease

Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1668987

This article is part of the Research TopicAntimicrobial Surfaces and Airborne Pathogens: The New Frontiers in Hospital SafetyView all 4 articles

Analysis of antimicrobial effects of a contactless, indirect Cold Atmospheric Plasma-Aerosol method for germ reduction on surfaces: An in vitro and in vivo study

Provisionally accepted
Tom  SchaalTom Schaal1Ulrich  SchmelzUlrich Schmelz2Gilbert  HämmerleGilbert Hämmerle3Robert  FuchsRobert Fuchs4Timon  SchorlingTimon Schorling5Sandra  KurrasSandra Kurras6Marc  KoeneMarc Koene6Tim  TischendorfTim Tischendorf1*
  • 1West Saxon University of Applied Sciences of Zwickau, Zwickau, Germany
  • 2Hochschule Fulda, Fulda, Germany
  • 3Landeskrankenhaus Bregenz, Bregenz, Austria
  • 4Research & Development, WK-MedTec GmbH, Bückeburg, Germany
  • 5Research and Development, WK-MedTec GmbH, Bückeburg, Germany
  • 6Tierklinik Lusche GmbH, Bakum, Germany

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

Cold Atmospheric Plasma-Aerosol (CAP-A) technology has emerged as a novel, contactless approach for antimicrobial treatment. This study evaluates the in vivo efficacy of CAP-A in reducing microbial contamination on human skin, building on obligatory in vitro testing. In vitro results demonstrated consistent 3-4.5 log unit microbial reductions across five standard organisms. In vivo evaluation using Escherichia coli revealed a mean log reduction factor of 4.77 (SD ± 0.44), exceeding the 4-log threshold considered clinically relevant. Notably, CAP-A showed comparable efficacy to an alcohol-based reference disinfection method (p = 0.134), without associated drawbacks such as thermal effects or ozone accumulation. Results suggest that CAP-A offers equivalent in vivo efficacy compared to previously documented CAP methods while minimizing tissue damage, thermal changes, and discomfort. The results underscore the potential of CAP-A as an effective and tolerable alternative to established CAP approaches, warranting further comparative research under standardized conditions. Future studies should examine both CAP and CAP-A technologies, broadening the spectrum of tested microorganisms, incorporating additional parameters, and rigorously assessing benefits and risks. This research could elucidate the underlying mechanisms driving differences in efficacy and side effect profiles, ultimately contributing to the optimization of plasma-based treatments in clinical and industrial settings.

Keywords: Cold plasma1, Wound treatment2, chronic wounds3, Germ reduction4, CAP5, CAP-A6

Received: 18 Jul 2025; Accepted: 01 Sep 2025.

Copyright: © 2025 Schaal, Schmelz, Hämmerle, Fuchs, Schorling, Kurras, Koene and Tischendorf. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

* Correspondence: Tim Tischendorf, West Saxon University of Applied Sciences of Zwickau, Zwickau, Germany

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