ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Microbiol.
Sec. Antimicrobials, Resistance and Chemotherapy
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1675175
Dual Adaptive Strategies in Candida glabrata Under Tunicamycin Stress: Petite Mutations and Chromosome C Aneuploidy Drive Transient Drug Resistance
Provisionally accepted- 1Jinan Military General Hospital, Jinan, China
- 2Pharmacy Intravenous Admixture Service, Department of Pharmacy, Zibo Zhoucun People’s Hospital, Zibo, China
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Background: Candida glabrata is an opportunistic fungal pathogen known for its ability to rapidly develop resistance to antifungal agents. Tunicamycin (TUN), an inhibitor of N-linked glycosylation, induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, but the adaptive mechanisms enabling C. glabrata to survive TUN exposure remain poorly understood. Objective: This study aimed to identify and characterize the genetic and phenotypic adaptations that confer TUN resistance in C. glabrata and evaluate their stability in the absence of drug pressure. Methods: We exposed C. glabrata strain BG2 to sub-inhibitory (0.5 μg/mL) and inhibitory (1–8 μg/mL) TUN concentrations and isolated resistant mutants. Phenotypic characterization included growth assays, mitochondrial function tests (YPG medium), and fluconazole (FLC) susceptibility testing. Whole-genome sequencing assessed chromosomal alterations, and serial passaging in drug-free medium evaluated adaptation stability. Results: Under TUN stress, C. glabrata adopted two distinct resistance strategies: (1) mitochondrial dysfunction (petite formation), which conferred cross-resistance to FLC, and (2) aneuploidy, particularly disomy of chromosome C (ChrCx2), often accompanied by additional chromosomal gains in high-TUN conditions. However, both adaptations exhibited significant trade-offs: petite mutants retained irreversible respiratory deficiency but lost TUN and FLC resistance upon passaging, while aneuploid strains rapidly reverted to euploidy in non-selective conditions, abolishing TUN resistance. Conclusion: C. glabrata survives TUN stress through unstable genetic adaptations—petite formation and aneuploidy—that are rapidly selected against in drug-free environments. These findings highlight the evolutionary constraints of antifungal resistance mechanisms and suggest that intermittent therapy may help counteract resistance development.
Keywords: Candida glabrata, Tunicamycin, petite, Transient resistance, Fluconazole, Aneuploidy
Received: 29 Jul 2025; Accepted: 01 Oct 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Dong, Ma, Wang, Bai, Wang and Xu. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Yi Xu, xuyi_8375@163.com
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