ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Microbiol.
Sec. Microorganisms in Vertebrate Digestive Systems
Characterizing the Probiotic Profiles through Genomic and Metabolomic Insights on Chicken Cecum Derived Bacillus subtilis yb-114246
Provisionally accepted
- 1Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, China
- 2Animal husbandry and fishery service center of Baoting, Hainan, China
- 3China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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The present study aimed to explore the genetic profile and annotate the metabolic profile of chicken cecum-derived B. subtilis yb-114246, which has been used in laying hens. The complete genome of B. subtilis yb-114246 was analyzed and its probiotic metabolic profile was identified for further practical application. The results showed that B. subtilis yb-114246 possessed a chromosome containing 4,673,022 bp with a G+C content of 55.03%. The complete genetic sequence indicated that > 40% of the genes were coding sequences related to nutritional transportation and metabolism. B. subtilis yb-114246 harboring more unique genetic clusters played a role in the metabolism of macro molecular substances and synthesized more secondary metabolites. These genes are involved in glycan metabolism, amino acid and vitamin biosynthesis, and they also contribute to nutrient absorption and utilization in chickens. In this study, nonspecific virulence factor-related genes were identified in the genome of B. subtilis yb-114246. The metabolic profiles indicated that the primary functional substances were amino acids, phospholipids, eicosanoids, nucleotides, polyketides, and non-ribosomal peptides. The activities of digestive enzymes cellulase, amylase, protease, and lipase in fermented liquid of B. subtilis yb-114246 were 33.49, 1.23, 9.01, and 0.49 U/mL respectively. Correlation analysis between laying performance and metabolites showed that riboflavin, p-acetaminobenzoic acid, and 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid exhibited promoting effects. Riboflavin synthesized and secreted by B. subtilis yb-114246 reached 6.76 μg/L. The synthesis pathway predicted using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database originates from the purine metabolism and is involved in the pentose phosphate pathway in ribosomes. The utilization and recycling patterns of riboflavin were modeled, revealing a reciprocal relationship with the host. Overall, our findings revealed that the abundant nutritional genes and the production of functional metabolites by B. subtilis yb-114246 supplementation may enhance the laying performance of aged hens by improving digestive abilities.
Keywords: Bacillus subtilis, Genomics, Metabolism, laying performance, Interplay
Received: 20 Sep 2025; Accepted: 27 Oct 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Yang, Li, Wang, Zhang and Zhang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Hao Zhang, zhanghao827@163.com
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