Abstract
Introduction: Anti-PD1 agents are widely used in the treatment of solid tumors. This has prompted the recognition of a class of immune-related adverse events (irAEs), due to the activation of autoimmune T-cells. Pembrolizumab is an anti-PD1 agent, which has been related to an increased risk of various neurological irAE (n-irAEs). Here, we present a rare case of pembrolizumab-induced neuropathy of cranial nerves.
Case Report: A 72-year-old patient was diagnosed with a lung adenocarcinoma in February 2018 (EGFR–, ALK–, and PDL1 90%). According to the molecular profile, pembrolizumab was started. After three administrations, the patient developed facial paresis, ptosis, ophthalmoplegia, and dysphonia. As brain metastases and paraneoplastic markers were excluded, a drug-related disorder was suspected and pembrolizumab was discontinued. A nerve conduction study and electromyography excluded signs of neuropathy and myopathy at four limbs, and repetitive nerve stimulation was negative. However, altered blink reflex and nerve facial conduction were consistent with an acute neuropathy of the cranial district. Thus, the patient was treated with two cycles of intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg), which rapidly allowed improvement of both symptoms and neurophysiological parameters. However, the patient died in October 2018 for a progression of lung tumor.
Discussion: Only 16 cases of pembrolizumab-related neuropathies have been described so far. Our case is of particular interest for the isolated involvement of cranial nerves and the prompt response to IVIg.
Conclusion: N-irAEs are insidious conditions that require solid knowledge of onco-immunotherapy complications: it is mandatory not to delay any treatment that would potentially modify the course of a neurological complication.
Introduction
Pembrolizumab (an anti-PD1 agent) may favorably impact the outcome of melanoma and non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSMLC) (1, 2). By promoting the activation of T-cells, pembrolizumab fosters the immune response against tumor. However, it may also increase the risk of autoimmune reactions, known as immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Various neurological irAEs (n-irAEs) have been associated with pembrolizumab: in clinical trials with checkpoint inhibitors, 6.3% of patients on pembrolizumab presented n-irAEs of any type and grade (3). The peripheral nervous system is more likely to be involved than the central nervous system (4). In a recent systematic review focused on pembrolizumab-induced neuromuscular disorders (5), 14 (36%), 13 (33%), 9 (23%), and 3 (8%) of 39 patients on pembrolizumab were reported to develop myopathy, myasthenia gravis, neuropathy, or overlapping disorders, respectively.
Here, we describe a patient who developed a rare acute neuropathy of cranial nerves from pembrolizumab.
Case Report
In February 2018, a 72-year-old man was diagnosed with an adenocarcinoma of the lung (EGFR–, ALK–, and PDL1 amplificated in 90% of the cells). A total-body CT scan and an FDG-PET ruled out the presence of metastases at presentation. Based on the molecular profile, pembrolizumab was started. After three cycles (June 2018), the patient developed fatigue, dizziness, mild bilateral facial palsy (grade III of the House–Brackmann scale), bilateral ptosis and ophthalmoplegia, dysphonia, and dysphagia. As the brain and spine MRI with gadolinium excluded the occurrence of metastases, a neuroimmunological drug-related disorder or a paraneoplastic syndrome was considered, and pembrolizumab was stopped. First, we ruled out the presence of neuromuscular junction disorders: both repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS) and specific antibody assays—including anti-acetylcholine receptor (AChR), anti-muscle-specific kinase (MuSK), and P/Q-type VGCC antibodies—were negative. Second, we tested the markers of immune-mediated neuropathy (anti-MAG, anti-GM1/2, anti-GD1a/b, and anti-GQ1b antibodies) and paraneoplastic syndromes (anti-Tr, anti-CV2/CRMP5, anti-amphiphysin, anti-PNMA2/TaMa, anti-GAD65, anti-recoverin, anti-Ri, anti-Yo, anti-Hu, anti-Zic4, anti-SOX1, and anti-titin antibodies), with negative results. Also, creatine kinase was normal (80 IU/l), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) did not harbor any inflammatory alterations (being cell count 5/mm3 and protein concentration 0.32 g/l). Then, we performed nerve conduction studies (NCS) and electromyography (EMG) at the limbs and cranial district: while no signs of neuropathy or myopathy were seen at the extremities, the evidence of slightly decreased amplitude of facial nerve conduction and altered blink reflex (lacking both ipsilateral and contralateral R2 components) suggested a diagnosis of a neuropathy involving the cranial nerves (Tables 1A,B). Therefore, in July 2018, the patient was treated with intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg: 0.4 g/kg/5 days), with no use of oral glucocorticoids due to the presence of moderate dysphagia. The therapy was well-tolerated and allowed a prompt relief from dizziness, diplopia, and dysphonia and total remission of facial palsy. Also, NCS of the facial nerves and blink reflex showed a rapid improvement, as both ipsilateral and contralateral R2 components were almost completely restored after the first cycle of IVIg (Tables 1A,B). Due to the rapid improvement of symptoms, the employment of intravenous steroids was not needed, but a second cycle of IVIg was administered in August 2018 to consolidate the result. The neurological condition remained stable until October 2018, when the patient died for a progression of the primary tumor.
Table 1A
| Nerve | At presentation | After 1st cycle of IVIg | After 2nd cycle of IVIg | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Latency onset | Amplitude | Latency onset | Amplitude | Latency onset | Amplitude | |
| ms | mV | Ms | mV | ms | mV | |
| Left n. facialis | ||||||
| Mandible—orbicularis oculi | 2.26 | 2.1 | 3.2 | 2.8 | 2.5 | 3.4 |
| Mandible—nasalis | 3.04 | 1.57 | 2.96 | 2.2 | 2.11 | 2.5 |
| Right n. facialis | ||||||
| Mandible—orbicularis oculi | 2.65 | 1.79 | 3.28 | 3.3 | 2.81 | 3.3 |
| Mandible—nasalis | 3.82 | 2.1 | 3.04 | 2.3 | 3.74 | 2.3 |
Nerve conduction study of the facial nerves at presentation, after the first cycle of IVIg, and after the second cycle.
Compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude increased to normal values since after the first cycle of therapy.
Table 1B
| Stimulation | Registration | At presentation | After 1st cycle of IVIg | After 2nd cycle IVIg | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| R1-latency | R2-latency | R1-latency | R2-latency | R1-latency | R2-latency | ||||||||
| ms | RefDev | ms | RefDev | ms | RefDev | Ms | RefDev | ms | RefDev | ms | RefDev | ||
| Left | Left | 12.0 | 1.85 | A | NA | 11.5 | 1.24 | 45.7 | 4.5 | 12.1 | 1.93 | 44.6 | 4.1 |
| Right | A | NA | 48.6 | 5.3 | 43.6 | 3.9 | |||||||
| Difference | NA | NA | −2.9 | −2.7 | 0.96 | 3.9 | |||||||
| Right | Right | 11.8 | 1.6 | A | NA | 11.8 | 1.60 | 39.6 | 2.7 | 11.1 | 0.75 | 38.1 | 2.2 |
| Left | A | NA | 44.9 | 4.2 | 37.0 | 1.92 | |||||||
| Difference | NA | NA | −5.2 | −4 | 1.07 | −0.31 | |||||||
Latencies of R1 and R2 components of blink reflex at presentation, after the first cycle of treatment, and after the second cycle.
Reference values for NCS n. facialis: at orbicularis oculi, latency ≤ 3.1 ms, amplitude ≥1.0 mV; at nasalis, latency ≤ 4.2 ms, amplitude ≥1.0 mV. Reference values for blink reflex: R1 (ipsilateral), latency ≤ 13 ms, difference ≤ 1.2 ms; R2 (ipsilateral), latency ≤ 41 ms, difference ≤ 5 ms; R2 (contralateral), latency ≤ 44 ms, difference ≤ 7 ms.
A, absent; NA, not applicable; RefDev, deviation from reference.
We identified 24 cases of pembrolizumab-induced neuropathies and/or radiculopathies, mostly reported in small series of single or few patients (Table 2) (6–18). Melanoma was the primary tumor in 20 cases, whereas only three patients had lung adenocarcinoma (6, 7, 16). Fourteen patients were treated with pembrolizumab as a single agent (three of them had been previously treated with ipilimumab), three with a combination of pembrolizumab with chemotherapy, and seven with an association of pembrolizumab and ipilimumab. Seven patients developed acute demyelinating polyradiculopathy involving the lower and upper extremities, thus mimicking Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS); three presented involvement of both limbs and cranial district, similar to GBS—Miller Fisher variant; and only five isolated neuropathies of cranial nerves were described (8, 18). Immune-mediated neuropathy occurred with a median latency of four cycles. The diagnostic workup included nerve conduction studies (NCS) and electromyography (EMG) in 18 patients, lumbar puncture in 14 patients, and dosage of serum antibodies of autoimmune neuropathies or paraneoplastic syndromes in eight cases. CSF harbored albuminocytologic dissociation in five cases (7, 10, 11, 14), while in seven cases, it showed pleocytosis (7, 10, 12, 13, 17, 18), and in two cases, it was normal (18).
Table 2
| Author | Patients |
Cancer
diagnosis |
Treatment |
Cycles to
onset of n-irAE |
Neurological presentation | Diagnostic workup | Diagnosis |
Pembrolizumab
stopped |
Management of
the n-irAE |
Outcome
(of the n-irAE) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Limb
weakness and/or sensory disorder |
Cranial nerve
involvement |
CSF |
NCS/EMG/
evoked potentials |
Autoimmune
antibodies |
Exclusion of
paraneoplastic syndrome |
||||||||||
| Aya et al. (6) | 1 | Melanoma | Pembrolizumab (previous treatments: IFN-alpha, dacarbazine, and ipilimumab) | 1 | Yes | Yes (palsy of the abducens nerve) |
NA | Sensory peripheral polyneuropathy | NA | NA | Vasculitic neuropathy (confirmed by nerve and muscle biopsy) | Yes | Oral and intravenous glucocorticoids | Improved | |
| de Maleissye et al. (7) | 2 | Melanoma | Pembrolizumab | 2 | Yes | Yes (facial palsy) |
Pleocytosis (45 cells/mm3), slight increase of proteins (0.56 g/l) |
No A-C dissociation |
Demyelinating polyradiculopathy | NA | Yes | GBS, Miller-Fisher variant | Yes | IVIg | Improved |
| 3 | Melanoma | Ipilimumab + pembrolizumab | 6 | Yes | No | Normal cells count; slight increase of proteins (0.74 g/l) |
A-C dissociation |
Demyelinating polyradiculopathy | NA | Yes | CIDP | Yes | Oral and intravenous glucocorticoids + PEX | Not improved | |
| Zimmer et al. (8) | 4 | Melanoma | Pembrolizumab (previous treatments: IFN-alpha, dacarbazine, and ipilimumab) | 4 | NA | Yes (paresis of the oculomotor nerve) |
NA | NA | NA | NA | Neuritis of the oculomotor nerve | Yes | Prednisolone | Improved | |
| 5 | Melanoma | Pembrolizumab (previous treatments: IL2, dabrafenib/trametinib and ipilimumab) | 11 | Yes | No | NA | NA | NA | NA | GBS | Yes | Prednisolone | Improved | ||
| Diamantopoulos et al. (9) | 6 | Melanoma | Pembrolizumab | 1 | Yes | No | NA | Axonal polyneuropathy and myositis |
Ab anti-neuronal antigens - Ab anti-gangliosides - Ab related to myositis - |
Yes | Overlapping axonal polyneuropathy and myositis | Yes | Methylprednisolone + IVIg + PEX |
Deceased | |
| Kao et al. (10) | 7 | Melanoma | Pembrolizumab | 10 | Yes | No | Normal cell count (2 cells/ mm3); slight increase of proteins (0.71 g/l) |
A-C dissociation |
Demyelinating polyradiculopathy | Ab anti-GM1 - Ab anti-GD1b - | Yes | GBS | Yes | Prednisone + IVIg | Improved |
| 8 | Melanoma | Pembrolizumab | 6 | Yes | No | NA | Mixed axonal and demyelinating polyneuropathy |
NA | NA | Peripheral mixed demyelinating and axonal neuropathy | Yes | Prednisone | Improved | ||
| 9 | Melanoma | Pembrolizumab | 20 | Yes | Yes (facial palsy, dysphonia) |
Pleocytosis (12 cells/mm3); slight increase of proteins (0.95 g/l) |
No A-C dissociation | Demyelinating polyradiculopathy | Ab anti-GM1/2 - Ab anti-GD1a/b - Ab anti-GQ1b - | Yes | GBS, Miller-Fisher variant | Yes | IVIg | Improved | |
| Sepúlveda et al. (11) | 10 | Melanoma | Ipilimumab + pembrolizumab | 23 | Yes | No | No cells; slight increase of proteins (0.67 g/l) |
A-C dissociation | Axonal polyradiculopathy |
Ab anti-neuronal antigens - Ab anti-gangliosides - | Yes | GBS, AMAN variant | Yes | IVIg + PEX | Improved |
| Yost et al. (12) | 11 | Melanoma | Ipilimumab + pembrolizumab | 3 months after pembrolizumab dismissal‡ | No | Yes (facial palsy, dysphonia) |
Pleocytosis (12 cells/mm3); high proteins level (1.95 g/l) |
No A-C dissociation | Altered blink reflex (absent R1/R2 responses) | Ab anti-GM1/2 - Ab anti-GD1a/b - Ab anti-GQ1b - | Yes | Isolate acute neuropathy of facial nerve | Yes | Methylprednisolone + IVIg | Improved |
| Fellner et al. (13) | 12 | Melanoma | Pembrolizumab | 18 weeks after first pembrolizumab administration‡ | Yes | No | Pleocytosis (58 cells/mm3); high proteins level (2.27 g/l) |
No A-C dissociation | Demyelinating polyradiculopathy | Ab anti-GD1b - Ab anti-GQ1b - Ab anti-MAG Ab anti-neuronal antigens - | Yes | GBS | Yes | Methylprednisolone | Improved |
| Manam et al. (14) | 13 | Lung adenocarcinoma | Pembrolizumab + carboplatin and pemetrexel | 2 | Yes | No | Slight increase of proteins (0.68 g/l); no cell count reported. | A-C dissociation (as reported by authors) | NA | NA | Yes | GBS | Yes | Methylprednisolone + IVIg + PEX | Improved |
| 14 | Melanoma | Pembrolizumab + dabrafenib and trametinib | 2 | Yes | No | Slight increase of proteins (0.56 g/l); no cell count reported. | A-C dissociation (as reported by authors) | Demyelinating polyradiculopathy | Ab anti-GM1 - | Yes | GBS | Yes | PEX | Deceased (due to the n-irAE) | |
| Ong et al. (15) | 15 | Lung adenocarcinoma | Pembrolizumab | 2 | Yes | Yes (facial palsy) |
NA | Demyelinating polyradiculopathy | NA | Yes | GBS, Miller-Fisher variant | Yes | Methylprednisolone + IVIg | Improved | |
| Dubey et al. (16)§ | 16 | NA | Ipilimumab + pembrolizumab | 1 | NA | Yes (bilateral facial palsy) | NA | NA | NA | NA | Bilateral acute neuropathy of facial nerves | NA | NA | NA | |
| 17 | Melanoma | Pembrolizumab | 2 | Yes | No | NA | Lumbosacral radiculopathy and peripheral sensory neuropathy | NA | NA | GBS | Yes | None | Improved | ||
| 18 | Melanoma | Pembrolizumab | 1 | Yes | No | NA | Length-dependent sensory and motor axonal polyneuropathy | NA | NA | Acute sensory and motor axonal polyneuropathy | No | Gabapentin 100 mg twice a day | Improved | ||
| 19 | Lung adenocarcinoma | Erlotinib + pembrolizumab | 1 | Yes | No | NA | Multiple proximal mononeuropathy of left upper arm | NA | NA | Neuralgic amyotrophy | Yes | Prednisone 60 mg daily | Improved | ||
| Muralikrishnan et al. (17) | 20 | Melanoma | Pembrolizumab | 2 | Yes | No | Pleocytosis (17 cells/mm3); slight increase of proteins (0.78 g/l) |
No A-C dissociation | Demyelinating polyradiculopathy | Ab anti-gangliosides - Ab anti-MAG - | NA | GBS | Yes | Methylprednisolone + IVIg + PEX | Improved |
| Vogrig et al. (18) | 21 | Melanoma | Pembrolizumab | 1 | No | Yes (visual loss) |
Pleocytosis (34 cells/mm3), normal protein content | No A-C dissociation | NA | NA | NA | Optic neuropathy | Yes | None | Improved |
| 22 | Melanoma | Ipilimumab + pembrolizumab | 6 months after pembrolizumab initiation‡ | No | Yes (visual loss) | Normal | No A-C dissociation | Altered visual evoked potentials (VEPs) | NA | NA | Optic neuropathy | Yes | Methylprednisolone | Not improved | |
| 23 | Melanoma | Ipilimumab + pembrolizumab | NA | No | Yes (visual / hearing loss) |
Normal | No A-C dissociation | Altered visual evoked potentials (VEPs) | NA | NA | Optic neuropathy / auditory neuropathy | Yes | Methylprednisolone + PEX | Not improved | |
| 24 | Melanoma | Ipilimumab + pembrolizumab | 1 month after pembrolizumab initiation‡ | No | Yes (palsy of the abducens nerve) |
Mild pleocytosis (6 cells/mm3), normal protein content | No A-C dissociation | NA | NA | NA | Abducens nerve neuropathy | Yes | Oral glucocorticoids | Improved | |
Pembrolizumab-induced neuropathy: review of literature.
The authors reported “13 weeks after first pembrolizumab administration”: it would indicate four and 11 cycles for patients 5 and 6, respectively, as pembrolizumab was administered every 3 weeks, according to authors' note.
No exact number of cycles has been provided by the authors.
A fifth case of a patient undergoing ipilimumab and pembrolizumab who developed an immune-related neuropathy is mentioned, but not described in the paper.
Ab, antibodies; A-C dissociation, albuminocytologic dissociation; GBS, Guillain-Barré syndrome; IFN-alpha, interferon-alpha; IL2, interleukin 2; IVIg, intravenous immunoglobulins; NA, not applicable; PEX, plasma exchange.
Discussion
Pembrolizumab-induced acute neuropathy is a rare n-irAE. It is not clear whether the association with other checkpoint inhibitors could drive synergically the onset of the condition. Based on our review of literature, neurological symptoms, such as limb weakness and/or sensory disorders, as well as brainstem and cranial nerve deficits, usually appear soon after the initiation of pembrolizumab and should be carefully investigated in order to rule out differential diagnoses, especially CNS metastases or paraneoplastic syndromes. MRI of the brain and the spine, CSF analysis, neurophysiological studies, and laboratory tests for autoimmune neuropathies and paraneoplastic syndromes are the most useful procedures for the diagnosis. For instance, in cases of polyradiculopathy, MRI of the spine with gadolinium may reveal root enhancement, although this is not a regular finding: in a recent series (16), only two of five cases with facial neuropathies and four of six cases with polyradiculoneuropathy demonstrated gadolinium enhancement of cranial nerves or spinal nerve roots, respectively. CSF may be normal in a minority of cases, whereas it usually harbors some abnormalities, such as pleocytosis with or without increased protein level (19) or albuminocytologic dissociation; the prevalence and clinical meaning of autoimmune antibodies, which may be common in n-irAE affecting the CNS [as recently reported by Sechi et al. (20)], are not clearly determined so far; finally, although data provided by different authors are heterogeneous, NCS and EMG seem to have a higher sensitivity and specificity than laboratory tests.
We described a peculiar case of a lung adenocarcinoma patient who developed an acute neuropathy of cranial nerves from pembrolizumab. Cranial nerve disorders may be observed among patients developing neuropathies from checkpoint inhibitors, as reported by Dubey et al. (16): in this series, seven out of 19 patients with peripheral n-irAEs showed cranial nerve involvement, with or without meningitis, and six had non-length-dependent polyradiculopathies with or without cranial nerve disorders. However, as far as we know, only five cases of pembrolizumab-induced isolated neuropathy of cranial nerves have been described so far: all those cases are described in melanoma patients (8, 18), while only three patients with lung adenocarcinoma have been reported, and none of them presented an exclusive involvement of cranial nerves as in our case. Whether the over-representation of melanoma patients might just reflect the larger employment of pembrolizumab in this tumor or there is a causative correlation should be investigated in further studies. Our patient shares some features with other cases reported in literature: he presented with immune-related neuropathy only after three cycles of pembrolizumab; dismissal of the drug produced clinical benefits; and antibodies of autoimmune neuropathies were not detected by laboratory tests. However, he also presented peculiar features. First, CSF analysis did not show albuminocytologic dissociation or slight pleocytosis, as commonly seen in similar cases; second, he developed a multineuropathy of cranial nerves with no involvement of the extremities; furthermore, he presented with a complex disorder of multiple nerves: in fact, symptoms and signs due to the involvement of the III, IV, VI, VII, IX, and X nerves were all present, and NCS and altered blink reflex confirmed the damage of facial nerves and revealed a subclinical impairment of the trigeminal nerves. Conversely, in other cases of isolated pembrolizumab-derived cranial nerve disorders, patients have been usually reported to have mononeuropathies (mostly facial palsies) or involvement of few cranial nerves (18). Finally, IVIg therapy (not associated to steroids) dramatically impacted the clinical course of the disease, with an improvement of both symptoms and neurophysiological tests since the first cycle: in literature, only two patients were treated with IVIg alone (9, 10), while the most common strategies were a combination of steroids, plasma exchange, and/or IVIg.
Conclusion
In case of immune-mediated neuropathy, pembrolizumab should be dismissed immediately. According to our experience, IVIg can be a useful and effective treatment: nevertheless, a combination of steroids and/or plasma exchange should be considered based on clinical severity.
Statements
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s.
Ethics statement
Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.
Author contributions
All authors listed have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Supplementary material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2021.669493/full#supplementary-material
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Summary
Keywords
pembrolizumab, anti-PD1 agents, neurological immune-related adverse effects, immune-related neurological complications, autoimmune neuropathy, case report
Citation
Bruno F, Palmiero RA, Ferrero B, Franchino F, Pellerino A, Milanesi E, Soffietti R and Rudà R (2021) Pembrolizumab-Induced Isolated Cranial Neuropathy: A Rare Case Report and Review of Literature. Front. Neurol. 12:669493. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2021.669493
Received
18 February 2021
Accepted
25 March 2021
Published
11 May 2021
Volume
12 - 2021
Edited by
Chiara Briani, University of Padua, Italy
Reviewed by
Paola Sandroni, Mayo Clinic, United States; Roser Velasco, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Spain
Updates
Copyright
© 2021 Bruno, Palmiero, Ferrero, Franchino, Pellerino, Milanesi, Soffietti and Rudà.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Francesco Bruno f.bruno@unito.it
This article was submitted to Neuromuscular Disorders and Peripheral Neuropathies, a section of the journal Frontiers in Neurology
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