Abstract
Cerebral arteries are usually tortuous, and in the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases with stenting, a stent deployed may be collapsed at one end, leading to reduced blood flow and subsequent stent occlusion. Immediate rescuing measures should be implemented to prevent severe ischemic events. In this case report, we present a case with V4 segment occlusion of the right vertebral artery treated with endovascular stent angioplasty. An Enterprise stent deployed at the occlusion segment was collapsed at the proximal end after withdrawal of the delivery system. Immediate rescuing measures were taken by navigating a micro-guidewire through the lateral stent mesh at the proximal end into the stent lumen followed by advancing a second micro-guidewire right through the reopened proximal stent end into the stent lumen for deployment of a supporting balloon-expandable Apollo stent to prevent stent collapse. Follow-up digital subtraction angiography 6 months later demonstrated patent stents and unobstructed blood flow.
Introduction
As a major health burden worldwide, strokes result in a high rate of morbidity and mortality (, ). Intracranial atherosclerosis accounts for ~5–10% of all strokes and transient ischemic attacks in the world (), whereas in Asia, intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis is responsible for 33–37% of acute ischemic strokes (). It is demonstrated that symptomatic nonacute large intracranial arterial atherosclerotic occlusion is an independent factor to predict poor outcomes, recurrent strokes, and major stroke problems across the world (, ). A large number of patients with chronic large intracranial artery occlusion continue to be symptomatic in spite of maximal medication treatment (), and these symptomatic patients with chronic hemodynamic impair are at a high risk of future strokes (). Even though no consensus exists on the best therapeutic approaches of nonacute large intracranial artery occlusion, endovascular recanalization with angioplasty alone or with stent angioplasty is feasible, safe, and efficacious in highly selected patients with improved clinical
outcomes after treatment (–). Based on computed tomography (CT) imaging, CT perfusion, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and clinical symptoms, the indications for endovascular recanalization are reported to be chronic occlusion of large intracranial arteries; recurrent ischemic neurological deficits (TIA or stroke); or progressive neurologic impairment symptoms, cerebral border zone infarction, and/or a decrease in cerebral blood flow and presence of a vascular bed at the distal end of the occlusion with the diameter of the occluded vessel exceeding 2 mm and the length being <15 mm. In the treatment of intracranial atherosclerotic stenoses, percutaneous angioplasty and stenting have significantly reduced the incidence of ischemic stroke, which has played an increasingly important role in neurology (, ). However, when a stent is deployed for the treatment of atherosclerotic stenoses or chronic occlusion of a tortuous artery, the stent struts at the proximal end may get in close contact or occlude after withdrawal of the inner micro-guidewire due to arterial tortuosity and stenoses, resulting in failure of endovascular devices to pass through the stent and even complete occlusion of the stented artery. In this case, acute revascularization of the occluded stent is necessary to guarantee unobstructed blood flow through the stent and prevent thrombosis or complete occlusion of the stented artery. We have encountered a case with occlusion of the V4 segment of the right vertebral artery, which was treated with deployment of a stent. The stent proximal struts got in close contact and occluded after the delivery system was withdrawn. Acute rescue management was successfully performed by using two micro-guidewires through the stent to deploy a support stent to open the collapsed stent struts.
Case Report
A male patient in his 50s had dizziness for 12 days that was not relieved after administration of medications. He had a history of smoking for 20 years with an average of six cigarettes per day and alcohol abuse for 30 years. Physical examination demonstrated blood pressure 123/78 mmHg, clear consciousness, slightly bad spirits, and no abnormality in the cranial nerve. Muscle strength and tension of limbs were normal. Auxiliary examination showed nothing abnormal in the electrocardiogram or laboratory tests (blood and urine routine, biochemical series, and coagulation items). MRI, MR angiography (MRA), and CT angiography (CTA) revealed occlusion of the right vertebral artery at the V4 segment (Figure 1A), which was confirmed by diagnostic digital subtraction angiography (DSA). The patient did not have a family history or genetic information of cerebral infarction or any previous endovascular treatment. Because medication did not perform well, the ischemic symptoms might be further aggravated, resulting in cerebral infarction and even death. To prevent aggravation of this condition, endovascular treatment was performed with written informed consent from the patient. The procedure was conducted under general anesthesia after administration of dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin (100 mg/d) and clopidogrel (75 mg/d) for 3 days. The Seldinger technique was applied to gain percutaneous access to the femoral artery before insertion of a 6F introducer sheath, and heparin (70 U/kg) was administered intravenously to achieve an activated coagulation time of 150–200 s. DSA was performed to show the anatomy of the occluded artery, and a 300-cm Traxcess micro-guidewire (0.014 inch, Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MI, USA) was used to explore and navigate through the occluded segment before being put at the distal P1 segment of one posterior cerebral artery (PCA). Then, an Echelon 10 microcatheter (Medtronic) was sent along the micro-guidewire across the occluded segment to the same distal P1 segment of PCA, and gentle angiography through the microcatheter was performed to demonstrate the vascular structures. An angioplasty balloon catheter (Gateway, Boston Scientific, Natick, Massachusetts, USA) was advanced over the microwire, centered across the lesion, and inflated slowly for angioplasty (2.0 × 13 mm balloon) before an Enterprise stent (4.5 × 28 mm) was deployed at the occluded segment after accurate positioning (Figures 1B–D). At the time of stent deployment, the vertebral artery was straightened and smooth (Figure 1C), and the proximal end of the stent was wide open with the proximal markers of the stent being spread out (Figure 1D). Once the micro-guidewire and the conveying microcatheter were withdrawn, the stent proximal end was collapsed because of compression of the wall of the curved artery, which was exhibited by the closed proximal markers in close contact (Figures 2A,B). We tried to navigate a microcatheter (Excelsior SL-10, Stryker Neurovascular, Fremont, California, USA) into the proximal end of the stent, but this was unsuccessful. Then, the 300-cm micro-guidewire was navigated to the stent proximal end and passed through the proximal lateral mesh of the stent (Figure 2C). Once the micro-guidewire was sent to the distal segment of the basilar artery, the vertebral artery was straightened, and the stent proximal end was opened with the proximal markers being spread out again (Figures 2D,E). Then, a second 200-cm Synchro micro-guidewire was navigated right through the stent proximal end into the real lumen of the stent and sent to the distal segment of basilar artery (Figures 2F, 3A,B). After the 300-cm micro-guidewire was withdrawn, an Apollo 2.5 × 10 mm balloon-expanded stent (MicroPort Medical, Shanghai, China) was navigated along the Synchro micro-guidewire to overlap partially with the proximal segment of the Enterprise stent and was expanded with 4 atm pressure to support the proximal end of the first stent (Figures 4A–C). Angiography revealed good apposition of the two stents against the arterial wall with unobstructed blood flow through the stents and improved blood flow in the distal segment. Then, the micro-guidewire and microcatheter were withdrawn. Postoperative vertebral angiography showed complete recanalization of the occluded arterial segment (Figures 4B,C), and the Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction blood flow was grade 3. DynaCT scan revealed partially overlapped stents (Figure 4D). After stenting, both stents were well-patent with favorable forward flow (Figures 4E,F). At follow-up 6 months later, head CT showed no obvious abnormality, and physical examination revealed nothing abnormal in the cranial nerve. DSA demonstrated patent stents and unobstructed blood flow through the stents (Figure 5).
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Discussion
Atherosclerosis frequently involves the intracranial vertebral artery on bilateral sides (, ). Patients with atherosclerotic occlusion of both intracranial vertebral arteries often experience recurrent attacks of visual disturbance, dizziness, ataxia, or disability (). Collateral circulation may provide baseline perfusion for some patients but fail to supply sufficient blood at times of increased oxygen demand, leading to lifestyle-limiting symptoms. The optimal treatment approaches for patients with intracranial vertebral artery occlusion is rarely analyzed. Given the high incidence and recurrent symptoms in spite of antiplatelet treatment, revascularization of the occluded intracranial vertebral artery using endovascular stenting and angioplasty has been attempted within the past decade and considered to be technically accessible because of fast development of endovascular management. However, the safety and efficacy of endovascular stenting and angioplasty still need further investigation (–). During the recanalization of intracranial vertebral artery occlusion, the major technical challenge is traversing the occlusion site with a guidewire even though other factors, such as the length and stage of the occlusion, may also affect the feasibility and outcome.
In this case report, occlusion of the right vertebral artery at the V4 segment was treated with endovascular stent angioplasty. During the intervention, the proximal end of the Enterprise stent was collapsed in the curved vertebral artery after withdrawal of the stent delivery system, resulting in reduced blood flow through the stented artery. The collapsed stent end was successfully rescued by deploying a balloon-expandable Apollo stent using the technique of double micro-guidewires. The deployment of the first micro-guidewire straightened the vertebral artery and reopened the stent proximal end, which facilitated passage of the second micro-guidewire through the opened proximal stent end into the stent lumen for deployment of the Apollo stent to support the proximal end of the Enterprise stent. When navigating the second micro-guidewire into the stent proximal end, try not to rotate the micro-guidewire too much. This technique of double micro-guidewire rescue is also useful for collapsed stents in other curved arteries, especially those with atherosclerotic stenoses that may compress the stent end after withdrawal of the stent delivery system, resulting in collapse of the stent proximal end and decreased blood flow. An arterial curvature may cause the stent proximal segment to form an angle with the curved artery, thus leading to collapse or incomplete opening of the stent proximal end, reduced blood flow, or even complete occlusion of the arterial segment. Elastic retraction of the stenotic vessel may also cause collapse of the stent proximal end if insufficient balloon predilation is performed at the stenotic vascular segment. Insufficient length of the stent may also cause the stent proximal end to collapse because the stent is not long enough to cover the whole stenosis. Rich experience of endovascular maneuver, gentle handling of endovascular devices, sufficient length of the stent deployed, and sufficient balloon predilation of the stenotic vascular segment help reduce intraprocedural complications, especially when withdrawing the stent delivery system. Rude operation may cause an angle formed between the stent and the artery wall, leading to stent collapse and reduced blood flow. Short segments of occlusion are easy to reopen, whereas a long segment of occlusion of a curved artery may readily cause stent deformation and even occlusion, which needs immediate rescuing measures to prevent possible ischemic events.
In endovascular treatment of cerebrovascular diseases, the double micro-guidewire technique is used to increase catheter stability (), facilitate stent navigation through tortuous arteries (, ), and help “Y” configuration stenting in middle cerebral artery bifurcation aneurysms () or coil embolization of aneurysms located in the posterior circulation (). The role of a second micro-guidewire is certainly associated with straightening of the tortuous cerebral artery to facilitate subsequent endovascular maneuver. In our case, the double micro-guidewire technique was used to rescue the collapsed stent proximal end because stent collapse may lead to serious complications of stent occlusion, thrombosis, and ischemic events. The first micro-guidewire passed through the proximal lateral stent mesh into the stent lumen, which not only straightened the tortuous vertebral artery, but also reopened the collapsed stent proximal end. It was, thus, helpful for navigation of the second micro-guidewire right through the opened stent proximal end into the stent lumen for deployment of a supporting stent to prevent collapse of the stent proximal end. When faced with a collapsed stent end in tortuous cerebral arteries, immediate action is needed to rescue the seemingly imminent severe complications of ischemic events. This case report presented an effective approach for solving this severe issue.
Publisher's Note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Statements
Data availability statement
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.
Ethics statement
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Ethics Committee of Henan Provincial People's Hospital. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.
Author contributions
KZ and Z-LW: study design. KZ, J-CX, H-LG, B-LG, and Y-FW: data collection. KZ, J-CX, H-LG, and B-LG: data analysis. T-XL: supervision. KZ: writing of the original version. B-LG: revision. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
References
1.
ShaoJXLingYADuHPZhaiGJXuYCaoYJ. Comparison of hemodynamic changes and prognosis between stenting and standardized medical treatment in patients with symptomatic moderate to severe vertebral artery origin stenosis. Medicine (Baltimore). (2019) 98:e14899. 10.1097/MD.0000000000014899
2.
ZhangFLiuL. Complication of stenting in intracranial arterial stenosis. Arch Iran Med. (2016) 19:317–322.
3.
XuHFuXYuanYQuanTWangZHanKet al. Feasibility and safety of paclitaxel-coated balloon angioplasty for the treatment of intracranial symptomatic in-stent restenosis. Front Neurol. (2020) 11:774. 10.3389/fneur.2020.00774
4.
AghaebrahimAJovinTJadhavAPNoorianAGuptaRNogueiraRG. Endovascular recanalization of complete subacute to chronic atherosclerotic occlusions of intracranial arteries. J Neurointerv Surg. (2014) 6:645–8. 10.1136/neurintsurg-2013-010842
5.
SmithWSLevMHEnglishJDCamargoECChouMJohnstonSCet al. Significance of large vessel intracranial occlusion causing acute ischemic stroke and TIA. Stroke. (2009) 40:3834–40. 10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.561787
6.
YamauchiHHigashiTKagawaSKishibeYTakahashiM. Chronic hemodynamic compromise and cerebral ischemic events in asymptomatic or remote symptomatic large-artery intracranial occlusive disease. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. (2013) 34:1704–10. 10.3174/ajnr.A3491
7.
GaoFSunXZhangHMaNMoDMiaoZ. Endovascular recanalization for nonacute intracranial vertebral artery occlusion according to a new classification. Stroke. (2020) 51:3340–3. 10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.030440
8.
KangKYangBGongXChenXGuWMaGet al. Cerebral hemodynamic changes after endovascular recanalization of symptomatic chronic intracranial artery occlusion. Front Neurol. (2020) 11:318. 10.3389/fneur.2020.00318
9.
MaLLiuYHFengHXuJCYanSHanHJet al. Endovascular recanalization for symptomatic subacute and chronic intracranial large artery occlusion of the anterior circulation: initial experience and technical considerations. Neuroradiology. (2019) 61:833–42. 10.1007/s00234-019-02205-0
10.
ZhaiGHuangZDuHXuYXiaoGCaoY. Endovascular revascularization of symptomatic chronic total occlusions of the internal carotid artery using a proximal balloon protection device. Sci Prog. (2021) 104:36850421998870. 10.1177/0036850421998870
11.
LukYChanYCChengSW. Transcarotid artery revascularization as a new modality of treatment for carotid stenosis. Ann Vasc Surg. (2020) 64:397–404. 10.1016/j.avsg.2019.11.001
12.
PengGZhangYMiaoZ. Incidence and risk factors of in-stent restenosis for symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. (2020) 41:1447–52. 10.3174/ajnr.A6689
13.
CaplanLR. The intracranial vertebral artery: a neglected species. The Johann Jacob Wepfer Award 2012. Cerebrovasc Dis. (2012) 34:20–30. 10.1159/000339629
14.
ShinHKYooKMChangHMCaplanLR. Bilateral intracranial vertebral artery disease in the New England Medical Center, Posterior Circulation Registry. Arch Neurol. (1999) 56:1353–8. 10.1001/archneur.56.11.1353
15.
KansaraAPandeyPTiwariARayesMNarayananSXavierAR. Stenting of acute and subacute intracranial vertebrobasilar arterial occlusive lesions. J Neurointerv Surg. (2012) 4:274–80. 10.1136/neurintsurg-2011-010024
16.
LinRAleuAJankowitzBKostovDKanaanHHorowitzMet al. Endovascular revascularization of chronic symptomatic vertebrobasilar occlusion. J Neuroimaging. (2012) 22:74–9. 10.1111/j.1552-6569.2010.00554.x
17.
XuZMaNMoDWongEHGaoFJiaoLet al. Endovascular recanalization for chronic symptomatic intracranial vertebral artery total occlusion. Minim Invasive Surg. (2014) 2014:949585. 10.1155/2014/949585
18.
WhiteJBKallmesDF. Utility of the “buddy” wire in intracranial procedures. Neuroradiology. (2008) 50:185–7. 10.1007/s00234-007-0313-2
19.
LopesDKJohnsonAKSchreinerCA. Double wire technique for stenting tortuous cerebral vessels. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. (2012) 21:905.e907–e10. 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2011.06.002
20.
TrasimeniGLaurinoFLamustaDLimbucciNMangiaficoS. Double micro-guide-wire technique to facilitate microcatheter navigation through tortuous intracranial vasculature. J Neuroradiol. (2018) 45:333–5. 10.1016/j.neurad.2018.06.004
21.
IslakCKizilkilicOKocakBSaglamMYildizBKocerN. Use of buddy wire to facilitate Y-configured stent placement in middle cerebral artery bifurcation aneurysms with daughter branches arising from the sac: a technical note. Neurosurgery. (2014) 10(Suppl. 1):E167–E71; discussion E171. 10.1227/NEU.0000000000000130
22.
NishinoKItoYHasegawaHKikuchiBFujiiYTanakaR. Modified buddy wire technique for coil embolization of posterior circulation aneurysms. Neuroradiology. (2007) 49:49–55. 10.1007/s00234-006-0154-4
Summary
Keywords
cerebrovascular disease, atherosclerotic occlusion, stent collapse, complications, double micro-guidewires
Citation
Zhang K, Xia J-C, Gao H-L, Gao B-L, Wang Y-F, Li Z-S, Li T-X and Wang Z-L (2021) Case Report: Double Micro-Guidewire Technique for Emergent Rescue of Proximal Stent Collapse During Recanalization of Nonacute Occlusion of Vertebral Artery. Front. Neurol. 12:671158. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2021.671158
Received
23 February 2021
Accepted
22 July 2021
Published
03 September 2021
Volume
12 - 2021
Edited by
Hong-Qi Zhang, Capital Medical University, China
Reviewed by
Feng Gao, Capital Medical University, China; Nabil Kitchener, General Organization for Teaching Hospitals and Institutes, Egypt
Updates
Copyright
© 2021 Zhang, Xia, Gao, Gao, Wang, Li, Li and Wang.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Zi-Liang Wang ziliangwang@yeah.net
This article was submitted to Endovascular and Interventional Neurology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Neurology
Disclaimer
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.