ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Neurol.
Sec. Stroke
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fneur.2025.1554952
Global, regional, and national burden of intracerebral hemorrhage in adolescents and young adults and its predictions: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Provisionally accepted
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northern Theater General Hospital, Shenyang, China
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This study analyzes the global, regional, and national burden of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in adolescents and young adults using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. ICH in younger populations impacts cognitive and physical health, hindering educational and professional development. This research provides insights into ICH trends, burden distribution, and future projections to support targeted public health strategies.We extracted age-standardized incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) data for ICH from 1990 to 2021, stratified by age, sex, and Sociodemographic Index (SDI). Estimates were generated using the DisMod-MR 2.1 Bayesian meta-regression framework. Temporal trends were analyzed, and decomposition analysis was performed to quantify the contributions of population growth, aging, and epidemiological changes to the evolving ICH burden. Frontier analysis was used to evaluate the performance of countries relative to their SDI levels.Forecasts of ICH burden through 2044 were produced using the Nordpred age-periodcohort model, with internal validation and sensitivity analyses conducted to assess model robustness.From 1990 to 2021, global age-standardized ICH incidence, DALYs, and mortality rates declined, though absolute cases, deaths, and DALYs rose in low-and middle-SDI regions. High-SDI areas showed the most substantial burden reductions, while Oceania and Sub-Saharan Africa exhibited higher rates due to limited healthcare resources.Projections suggest further declines in age-standardized DALYs and mortality, though incidence may rise by 2044.Despite declining age-standardized rates, absolute ICH burdens continue to grow in low-SDI regions, underscoring the need for tailored public health policies and resource allocation to reduce ICH disparities in young populations, especially in underserved regions. Equitable healthcare resources and targeted interventions are essential for reducing global ICH disparities and improving outcomes.
Keywords: intracerebral hemorrhage, Global burden of disease, Predictions, sociodemographic index, adolescents
Received: 03 Jan 2025; Accepted: 19 Aug 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Hao, Liang, Zhang, Dong and Liang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Yushu Dong, Department of Neurosurgery, Northern Theater General Hospital, Shenyang, China
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