ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Neurol.
Sec. Neurological Biomarkers
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fneur.2025.1623245
Impact of Smoking Status and Smoking Index on Outcomes in Patients with Acute Basilar Artery Occlusion
Provisionally accepted
- 1Department of Neurology, Shanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Taiyuan, China
- 2Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, China
Select one of your emails
You have multiple emails registered with Frontiers:
Notify me on publication
Please enter your email address:
If you already have an account, please login
You don't have a Frontiers account ? You can register here
Purpose This study aims to investigate the relationship between smoking status, smoking index, and the outcomes of intravascular treatment for acute basilar artery occlusion within 24 hours. Methods We retrospectively analyzed all consecutive patients hospitalized with acute basilar artery occlusion who underwent endovascular treatment within 24 hours from January 2012 to July 2018 at Beijing Tiantan Hospital. Smoking status was categorized as never smoking, current smoking, or previous smoking. The smoking index (SI) was calculated as the daily smoking count multiplied by the number of smoking years. The primary outcomes were a 90-day modified Rankin Scale score shift analysis and mortality at 90 days. Results The overall study cohort comprised 59 never smokers, 58 former smokers, and 70 current smokers. No significant differences in primary outcomes were observed between smoking status and functional independence (OR, 1.611; 95% CI, 0.776-3.344) or death (OR, 0.461; 95% CI, 0.196-1.084). Multivariate analysis indicated that smoking status had limited relevance to functional independence (OR, 1.958; 95% CI, 0.781-4.907) and death (OR, 0.446; 95% CI, 0.169-1.178). The smoking index was independently associated with functional independence (OR, 1.095; 95% CI, 1.015-1.182) and death (OR, 0.844; 95% CI, 0.757-0.941). The smoking index demonstrated a dose-effect relationship with outcomes, being positively correlated with functional independence and negatively correlated with death. Conclusions Smoking status does not appear to influence prognosis. However, the smoking index may be associated with improved functional independence and a reduced risk of death, demonstrating a dose-effect relationship.
Keywords: Smoking paradox, Basilar artery occlusion, Thrombectomy, Smoking index, Stroke
Received: 03 Jun 2025; Accepted: 14 Oct 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Han, Tong, Liu, Jia, Mo, Gao, Ma, Xuan and Miao. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Zhongrong Miao, doctorzhongrongm@yeah.net
Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.