Reviews in Neuroimmunology: An editorial

Omid Mirmosayyeb^*

• Department of Neurological sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington Vermont, United States

[The editorial is introduced nicely. However, it lacks to connect with the published reviews in the special edition and briefly mention them at the end in the last paragraph. In this special edition 10 articles were published. Authors should discuss these 10 articles main finding briefly and provide the conclusion, impact of the special edition and future directions for the audience.] We thank you for this constructive suggestion. In response, we added a paragraph as a final section of the editorial to connect the overview with the ten reviews published in this issue as follows:One review focused on the role of neurofibrosis in MS and highlighted how aberrant wound healing responses and extracellular matrix remodeling contribute to impaired neural repair and disease progression [20]. Another review examined the contribution of microglia to chronic neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in MS and emphasized emerging therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating microglial activity [21]. A mini-review addressed blood-brain barrier dysfunction in anti-NMDAR encephalitis and demonstrated how compromised barrier integrity facilitates pathogenic immune infiltration into the central nervous system [22]. One clinician's review evaluated the effects of disease-modifying therapies on cognitive outcomes in MS and suggested that selected treatments may stabilize or improve cognitive performance [23]. Another review on the immunological rationale for induction therapy with alemtuzumab in pediatric-onset MS highlighted age-dependent disease mechanisms and immune reconstitution dynamics [24]. A systematic review synthesized evidence on hematological adverse events associated with diseasemodifying therapies, emphasizing the importance of long-term hematological monitoring [25]. One metaanalysis explored the effects of photobiomodulation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and reported consistent reductions in neuroinflammation and disease severity in preclinical models [26]. A further systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrated that inflammatory disease activity remains prevalent in PPMS, with younger age and longer radiological follow-up emerging as key predictors [27].A perspective review synthesized clinical and translational evidence to propose that increased humoral immune activity, particularly B cell responses, may be a key biological contributor to the disproportionately severe MS course observed in Black/African American and Hispanic/Latinx patients, and underscored the urgent need for more immunology-focused studies across ethnic groups [28]. Finally, one narrative review evaluated the economic burden of MOGAD and analogous autoimmune neurological conditions and demonstrated that they impose substantial direct and indirect costs on patients and healthcare systems, with disease severity, relapses, disability, and need for care identified as major cost drivers [29].We look forward to hearing from you in due time regarding our submission and to respond to any further questions and comments you may have. Omid Mirmosayyeb, MD.