ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Neurol.
Sec. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology
Risk Factors and Nomogram for Cognitive Impairment After Stereotactic Drainage of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage
MIN GONG
Xiaohong Fu
Yuanjun Xin
Hang Li
Shaofu Zhang
The First People's Hospital of Zunyi, Zunyi, China
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Abstract
Objective: To investigate the risk factors for cognitive impairment after stereotactic puncture and drainage for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH) and to establish a nomogram prediction model. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 143 patients who underwent stereotactic puncture and drainage for SICH between June 2022 and June 2024. Patients were divided into cognitive impairment group (n=57) and non-cognitive impairment group (n=86) based on Montreal Cognitive Assessment at 3 months postoperatively. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent risk factors, and a nomogram was constructed. Results: The incidence of cognitive impairment at 3 months was 39.86% (57/143). Multivariate logistic regression identified five independent risk factors: age (OR=1.145, 95% CI: 1.089–1.205, P<0.001), preoperative GCS score (OR=0.512, 95% CI: 0.387–0.677, P<0.001), hematoma volume (OR=1.067, 95% CI: 1.028–1.108, P=0.001), basal ganglia hemorrhage (OR=5.567, 95% CI: 2.748–12.334, P<0.001), and postoperative intracranial pressure (OR=1.315, 95% CI: 1.168–1.481, P<0.001). A nomogram integrating these five predictors was developed. Conclusion: Advanced age, lower preoperative GCS score, larger hematoma volume, basal ganglia hemorrhage, and elevated postoperative intracranial pressure are independent risk factors for cognitive impairment at 3 months following stereotactic drainage for SICH. The nomogram may assist in early identification of high-risk patients, though external validation is warranted.
Summary
Keywords
cognitive impairment, nomogram, post-stroke cognitive impairment, Risk factors, Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage, Stereotactic puncture and drainage
Received
19 December 2025
Accepted
03 February 2026
Copyright
© 2026 GONG, Fu, Xin, Li and Zhang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Shaofu Zhang
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