ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Neurosci.
Sec. Brain Imaging Methods
Volume 19 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fnins.2025.1545885
The change of MRI indexes of brain glymphatic function and sleep status before and after repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation in insomnia disorder patients
Provisionally accepted
- Department of Medical Imaging, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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We aim to explore the associations between brain glymphatic function and sleep status in insomnia disorder patients (IDs), and to investigate whether repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) can improve sleep and glymphatic function. In this prospective study, consecutive IDs were enrolled and randomly classified into true rTMS group and sham rTMS group. Age-and sex-matched healthy control participants (HCs) were enrolled and examined between January 2023 and December 2023. Neuropsychological test included the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA), and the Minimum Mental State Examination (MMSE). Sleep status was accessed using questionnaires and polysomnography (PSG) in all participants. Diffusion tensor imaging analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) index of MRI was used to evaluate brain glymphatic function. 28 ID patients of true rTMS group, 9 ID patients of sham rTMS group, and 20 control participants were included. Before rTMS, both of the true/sham rTMS groups had lower DTI-ALPS than HCs. Multivariate linear regression models indicated that N2 sleep duration and the arousal index were independently associated with DTI-ALPS in all IDs. After rTMS, compared with the sham rTMS group, the sleep questionnaires, total sleep time, N2 sleep duration, the arousal index of PSG, and DTI-ALPS reflected that the treatment improved the sleep status and glymphatic function of IDs. Our research implies that N2 sleep duration and the arousal index were independently associated with lymphatic function. The rTMS therapy can improve glymphatic function and sleep status in IDs.
Keywords: Diffusion-tensor imaging, insomnia disorder, brain glymphatic function, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, Sleep status
Received: 16 Dec 2024; Accepted: 15 May 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Gao, Zhang, Feng, Zhou, Geng, Li, Zhu and Yang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Haiqing Yang, Department of Medical Imaging, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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