The rare conditions XK disease (McLeod syndrome) and VPS13A disease (chorea-acanthocytosis) have historically been termed “neuroacanthocytosis” due to the association of neurodegeneration, particularly of the basal ganglia, with spiky deformed red blood cells (acanthocytes). Even more obsolete is the 1960s' designation “Levine-Critchley syndrome”: genetic analyses of the reported families have determined that Levine's patients were affected by mutations of XK and those of Critchley by VPS13A variants. Two multi-author books summarize early developments (Danek, ; Walker et al., ).
Clinical updates regarding VPS13A disease and XK disease are regularly provided in open access resources (Peikert et al., ; Jung et al., ). Typical presentations are in young adults of any sex, often siblings (due to autosomal-recessive VPS13A mutations), or in middle-aged men, often maternal uncles and nephews (due to X-linked XK mutations). In addition to disorders of movement, cognition, and behavior (“huntingtonism”), there may be seizures, neuropathy, and myopathy. Impairment of activities of daily life and a reduced life span are typical, however clinical features can vary considerably. The presence of acanthocytosis is unreliable as a biomarker and, unfortunately, erythrocyte sedimentation rate prolongation as well as creatine kinase elevation, typical in both conditions, are non-specific and easily overlooked. The two conditions' close resemblance is likely explained by the recent observations that the XK and VPS13A proteins interact to enable bulk lipid transport at contact sites between various cell organelles as well as the cell membrane.
Testing at the DNA or protein level (genes: VPS13A and XK; proteins: VPS13A/chorein and Kell complex red cell antigen Kx) clearly distinguishes the two conditions, however, diagnostic delay continues to be a significant issue due to a variety of factors, including access to molecular testing. It is critical to use the genetic nomenclature rather than the historical term “neuroacanthocytosis” to ensure that patients receiving these diagnoses have been confirmed to carry causative variants of the responsible genes. As we enter the era of molecular treatments, this research topic becomes even more critical.
The VPS13 family comprises additional proteins involved in neurodegeneration (VPS13C, VPS13D) and neurodevelopment (VPS13B, associated with Cohen syndrome) and belongs to the newly recognized superfamily of bridge-like lipid transfer proteins (BLTPs; within this nomenclature, the VPS13 proteins are known as BLTP5A-BLTP5D). This family also includes “Tweek” (BLTP1, involved in a neurodevelopmental disorder) and “Hobbit” (BLTP2). Research in this field has rapidly taken off and flourishes (Levine and Conibear, ; Hanna et al., ; Reinisch et al., ).
Below we summarize the contributions to the Research Topic “Progress in Neuroacanthocytosis Syndromes and Related Diseases Including other Bulk Lipid Transfer Disorders” that grew out of the 11th International Neuroacanthocytosis Symposium (Kaestner, ). Further contributions resulted from the “VPS13 forum,” a teleconferencing discussion format that developed with the COVID-19 pandemic (Peikert and Danek, ).
Swan exhaustively reviews the BLTP family as well as its members' respective proteins and asks essential questions about their transport function; whether it is just unidirectional or works both ways, how selective for lipid type it is, what drives it, and how it may be regulated. Neiman elaborates this perspective: molecular dysfunction might be treated with transport-enhancing molecules or with bypassing agents. Naturally existing bypasses or duplicate pathways in some of the congenital BLTP diseases offer excellent explanations for delays of their onset into early (VPS13A) and even late (XK) adulthood, while non-viability with complete VPS13D knockdown (Seong et al., ) marks certain lipid transport pathways as essential for survival: their loss cannot be compensated for.
Osmotic gradient ektacytometry of erythrocytes for diagnostic screening was comprehensively explored by Hernández et al.. Along with microfluidic assays the approach is promising, however sensitivity, specificity, and availability of these novel screening test candidates need further elaboration. Ektacytometry in a complex single case of VPS13A disease who also harbored a CANVAS mutation confirmed its usefulness as well as in another VPS13A case and a patient with XK disease, but, as reported by Paucar et al., was normal in acanthocytosis associated with liver disease. Based on their single case observation, Xu et al. review the status of treating VPS13A disease symptomatically with deep brain stimulation.
The presentations of XK and VPS13A diseases with a clinical phenotype similar to Huntington's disease (HD) invite a comparison between these disorders, which share the feature of caudate nucleus vulnerability. García-García et al. undertook one such study and in both, HD transgenic mouse and HD human brain, found VPS13A distribution and expression essentially unaltered.
Turning to XK disease presentation, Walker et al. report four new cases with proven mutations and typical Kell blood group findings, and provide follow-up on members from two known families. Dambietz et al. report on the protracted diagnostic process in one patient with cerebrospinal fluid T-cell abnormalities. If confirmed in absence of COVID-19, this novel finding suggests as yet unexplored functions of XK (see also Tanti et al., ).
Complementing the neurological, psychiatric, cardiologic, and hematologic perspectives of BLTP diseases, Schottmann et al. focus on the pediatric and ophthalmological condition of Cohen syndrome and on intricacies of its genetic testing and prediction. In their family with two clinically affected members four rare VPS13B variants were detected. Of one in particular, the disease-causing property was unclear until it underwent functional testing. Vacca et al. review the molecular mechanisms possibly underlying VPS13B disease, focusing on studies in mice and the naturally occurring VPS13B disease model of Border Collies (“trapped neutrophil syndrome”).
The articles collected here represent a number of recent advances in this rapidly-evolving field. The ultimate goal is to develop and validate therapies for these devastating neurological and multi-organ disorders, and additionally to add to understanding of cellular processes which may benefit other fields.
Statements
Author contributions
AD: Writing – original draft. AH: Writing – review & editing. LK: Writing – original draft. MM: Writing – review & editing. KP: Writing – review & editing. MJR: Writing – review & editing. RHW: Writing – original draft.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to the ongoing support of Advocacy for Neuroacanthocytosis Patients (https://naadvocacy.org/) and NA Advocacy USA (https://www.naadvocacyusa.org/), and for the critical participation of patients and carers in our multi-disciplinary research. The 12th symposium will take place in Lausanne, Switzerland, this September (International Conference on Neuroacanthocytosis, Cohen Syndrome, and other VPS13-related disorders: https://events.ophtalmique.ch/evenement/vps13-meeting/). As with all previous meetings, we invite the participation of both clinicians and basic scientists, and welcome investigators in adjoining fields such as veterinary medicine (e.g., trapped neutrophil syndrome) and microbiology (role of bulk lipid transfer for e.g., bacterial integrity).
Conflict of interest
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The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision.
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References
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2
HannaM.Guillén-SamanderA.De CamilliP. (2023). RBG motif bridge-like lipid transport proteins: structure, functions, and open questions. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol.39, 409–434. 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120420-014634
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11
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Summary
Keywords
BLTP, VPS13, XK, neurodegeneration, neurodevelopment, neuroacanthocytosis
Citation
Danek A, Hermann A, Kaestner L, Masana M, Peikert K, Rodriguez MJ and Walker RH (2025) Editorial: Progress in neuroacanthocytosis syndromes and related diseases including other bulk lipid transfer disorders. Front. Neurosci. 19:1635008. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2025.1635008
Received
25 May 2025
Accepted
28 May 2025
Published
30 June 2025
Volume
19 - 2025
Edited and reviewed by
Einar M. Sigurdsson, New York University, United States
Updates
Copyright
© 2025 Danek, Hermann, Kaestner, Masana, Peikert, Rodriguez and Walker.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Lars Kaestner lars_kaestner@me.com
Disclaimer
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.