Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) does not alter GABA concentration or functional connectivity in the normal visual cortex

Dania Abuleil^1*Diana Gorbet²Daphne L McCulloch¹Jennifer Kate Evelyn Steeves²Ji Won Bang³Kevin C. Chan^3,4Benjamin Thompson^1,5

• ¹University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
• ²York University, Toronto, Canada
• ³New York University, New York, United States
• ⁴Stanford University, Palo Alto, United States
• ⁵Centre for Eye and Vision Research, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China

Anodal direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) of the visual cortex is a potential rehabilitation tool for vision disorders such as amblyopia and macular degeneration. However, the underlying neural mechanisms are currently unknown. When applied to the human motor cortex, a-tDCS reduces the concentration of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter that modulates neuroplasticity. Our primary aim was to assess whether the same a-tDCS paradigm alters local GABA concentration when applied to the healthy primary visual cortex. We also measured the effect of a-tDCS on visual cortex resting-state connectivity and sought to replicate reported observations of an association between visual cortex GABA concentration and the dynamics of binocular rivalry. Fourteen participants with normal vision completed two brain imaging sessions at least 48 hours apart. In each session, binocular rivalry dynamics, Deleted: but potential changes in Glx primary visual cortex GABA and glutamate-glutamine (Glx) concentrations (via magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)) and resting-state functional connectivity (via task-free fMRI) were measured at baseline. Real or sham a-tDCS (20 min, 2mA) was then applied to the visual cortex in a randomized sequence followed by a second set of MRS and fMRI measurements. No between-session effects of a-tDCS on GABA or Glx concentration or resting-state functional connectivity were observed. A pre-planned within-session analysis revealed a significant increase in Glx following a-tDCS that did not withstand multiple comparisons correction. No consistent relationships between binocular rivalry dynamics and GABA concentration were apparent. Together, our results suggest that a-tDCS effects on the visual cortex may differ from the GABA-associated mechanism in motor cortex.