ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Neurosci.
Sec. Visual Neuroscience
Volume 19 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fnins.2025.1703781
This article is part of the Research TopicVisual rehabilitation of mild traumatic brain injuries or concussionView all articles
Functional Activity Changes after Vergence and Accommodative Rehabilitation of Concussion-Related Convergence Insufficiency: CONCUSS Clinical Trial fMRI Results
Provisionally accepted- 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, United States
- 2Department of Health Informatics, Rutgers University School of Health Professions, Newark, United States
- 3Drexel University Pennsylvania College of Optometry, Philadelphia, United States
- 4Comprehensive Sports Medicine & Concussion Care LLC, Bridgewater, United States
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The CONCUSS clinical trial examined the neural changes associated with office-based vergence/accommodative therapy with movement (OBVAM) in concussion-related convergence insufficiency (CONC-CI). The following assessments were collected at baseline and post-OBVAM therapy: activity evoked from a functional MRI vergence oculomotor task, near point of convergence (NPC), positive fusional vergence (PFV), vergence facility (VF), and visual symptoms from a sensorimotor vision exam. Fifty-four CONC-CI participants, diagnosed with persisting concussion symptoms between one-and six-months post-injury, were analyzed in group-level results. Functional activity in the vergence oculomotor network, specifically the frontal eye fields, supplemental eye fields, parietal eye fields, cerebellar vermis (CV), and visual cortex, increased post-OBVAM compared to baseline assessments. Significant increases in post-OBVAM compared to baseline assessments were observed in the visual cortex (bilateral V3 and right area PH) and the CV, via a paired t-test with family-wise error corrected for multiple comparisons (p < 0.05). The pooled baseline and post-OBVAM measures revealed that the bilateral functional activities of V3 and CV were significantly correlated with the NPC, PFV, and VF clinical signs, and the right hemisphere area PH within the visual cortex was significantly correlated with VF (Bonferroni-corrected; p < 0.001). To determine whether the CONC-CI post-OBVAM functional brain activity differed from that of the binocularly normal control (BNC) data, an unpaired t-test was performed comparing 46 age-matched BNC datasets with 54 CONC-CI datasets. Significant differences in functional activity between BNC and CONC-CI at post-OBVAM datasets were not observed (p > 0.05). Results support that OBVAM improves functional brain activity in CONC-CI correlated with NPC, PFV, and VF.
Keywords: concussion, convergence insufficiency, near point convergence, Vergence facility, Positive fusional vergence, vision therapy, mild traumatic brain injuries
Received: 12 Sep 2025; Accepted: 08 Oct 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Sangoi, Hajebrahimi, Gohel, Scheiman, Goodman, Noble and Alvarez. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Tara Lynn Alvarez, tara.l.alvarez@njit.edu
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