EDITORIAL: Exploring Gut Neuroimmunology: focus on the enteric nervous system in health and disease

Matilde Otero-Losada^1*Sukhada Bhave²David Dora³

• ¹National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
• ²Columbia Technology Ventures, New York, United States., New York, United States
• ³Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary., Budapest, Hungary

This research topic aims to clarify the potential mechanisms underlying the gut-brain axis, focusing particularly on the enteric nervous system contribution in health and disease. We seek to uncover how disruptions in gut permeability and gut-brain signaling contribute to various neurological disorders by addressing gaps in the knowledge of gut microbiome dynamics, mucosal immunity, and their interplay with the ENS in neurodegenerative diseases like PD in particular. Recent advances in gut neuroimmunology and microbiome research offer encouraging opportunities for exploring these interactions. Four studies were selected for this topic as follows.Neurofunctional correlates of emotional dysregulation in adolescent Crohn's disease: a resting-state fMRI preliminary investigation. The authors studied the relationship between abnormal intrinsic brain function and emotional symptoms in adolescent Crohn's disease (CD) patients using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). The Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (IBDQ), Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90), Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS), and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) scans were used to evaluate 93 participants (40 adolescent CD patients and 53 healthy controls (HCs). Neuroimaging findings, clinical indicators, and psychometric measures were analyzed. Functional connectivity analysis revealed distorted patterns in specific brain areas, suggesting disease-specific hyperconnectivity in sensory-cognitive networks. The outcome of this study offers new insights into the neurobiological basis of emotional symptoms in adolescent CD patients, highlighting altered activity in temporal, frontal, and cerebellar regions. [1,2] Gut microbiota of patients with post-stroke depression in Chinese population: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Evidence of changes in the composition and function of the gut microbiota (GM) in post-stroke depression (PSD) patients is gradually accumulating. This study evaluated the relationship between PSD and GM based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) criteria. The authors searched in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane databases, Wangfang, VIP, CBM, and CNKI from the establishment of the database to April 17, 2024. Systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to investigate the differences of GM between patients with PSD spectrum and healthy controls (HC) or stroke spectrum. The outcome provides relevant information on the relative abundance of Bacteroidota, Fusobacteriota, Pseudomonadota and Bacillota in PSD patients and in the HC group, even at the family and genus levels. [3,4] Plasma exosomal miRNA expression and gut microbiota dysbiosis are associated with cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients differ from normally cognitive subjects regarding gut microbiota composition and expression profiles of microRNAs (miRNAs) in brain tissue, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood. This study explored the relationship between plasma exosomal microRNAs, gut microbiota, and cognitive impairment to provide insights into AD pathogenesis and treatment. A small sample of AD patients and subjects with normal cognition entered the study. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) allowed to evaluate cognitive function. High-throughput sequencing was used to identify differentially expressed miRNAs in plasma exosomes. Metagenomic sequencing detected potential differences in gut microbiota abundance. Interesting associations and differences were found in MMSE scores, the abundance of potential probiotics (Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Roseburia intestinalis and Roseburia inulinivorans) and specific exosomal miRNAs (miR-3120-3p, miR-6529-5p; miR-3120-3p, miR-6529-5p, miR-124-3p and miR-3120-3p) between the two groups. [5,6] Exploring the relationship between GBA1 host genotype and gut microbiome in the GBA1 L444P/WT mouse model: Implications for Parkinson disease pathogenesis. Heterozygous glucosylceramidase beta 1 (GBA1) variants are the most frequent genetic risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD), but penetrance is incomplete. GBA1 dysfunction was associated with gastrointestinal disturbances and microbiome changes in preclinical models. Growing evidence suggests that the microbiota-gut-brain axis may be involved in PD pathogenesis. Whether the host GBA1 genetics in heterozygosis influences gut microbiome composition has not been explored. The authors evaluated whether heterozygosity for the GBA1 pathogenic L444P variant could cause perturbations in gut microbiome composition. Based on their findings, they suggest that studies investigating the effect of a second hit on gut physiology and microbiome composition could explain the partial penetrance of GBA1 variants in PD. [7,8] Collectively, these contributions emphasize the critical role of gut neuroimmunology in modulating neurological and psychiatric health. By integrating advances in neuroimaging, microbiome science, and molecular profiling, this Research Topic underscores the ENS as a key mediator of gut-brain communication and highlights novel pathways for therapeutic exploration. The selected papers sketch an attractive systems map from the lumen to the ENS neural cells, implying that host genotype, exosomal signaling, and microbiome ecology in longitudinal designs will be pivotal for translation. In other words, the ENS may be the first interface and best model to study where neurology meets ecology.