Review of INFN activities on characterization and applications of hybrid pixel detectors based on Timepix4 ASIC

Nicolò Vladi Biesuz¹Riccardo Bolzonella^1,2Luca Brombal^3,4Paolo Cardarelli^1*Viola Cavallini^1,2Laura Antonia Cerbone^5,6,7Luigi Cimmino^5,6Pasquale Delogu^8,9Alessandro Feruglio^8,9Renata Longo^3,4Vittoria Mazzini^1,2Giovanni Mettivier^5,6Gianfranco Paternò¹Valeria Rosso^8,9Paolo Russo^5,6Angelo Taibi^1,2Salvatore Tudisco¹⁰Simone Velardita¹Massimiliano Fiorini^1,2

• ¹National Institute of Nuclear Physics of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
• ²Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
• ³National Institute of Nuclear Physics of Trieste, Trieste, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy
• ⁴Department of Physics, University of Trieste, Trieste, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy
• ⁵National Institute of Nuclear Physics of Naples, Napoli, Campania, Italy
• ⁶Department of Physics Ettore Pancini, Polytechnic and Basic Sciences School, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Campania, Italy
• ⁷Scuola Superiore Meridionale, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Campania, Italy
• ⁸National Institute of Nuclear Physics of Pisa, Pisa, Tuscany, Italy
• ⁹Department of Physics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Tuscany, Italy
• ¹⁰Laboratori Nazionali del Sud (INFN), Catania, Sicily, Italy

The Medipix4 international collaboration represents a landmark initiative in the field of pixelated radiation imaging and detection. Building on the successes of its predecessors, the Medipix2 and Medipix3 collaborations, this effort has been pivotal in advancing hybrid pixel detector technology for a wide range of applications, including medical imaging, particle physics, and material science.The collaboration brings together a consortium of research institutions and industry partners, leveraging decades of expertise to push the boundaries of detector performance and integration. The aim of Medipix4 collaboration is the development of two state-of-the-art application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs): Timepix4 and Medipix4. These ASICs are designed to address critical challenges in the pixelated detection systems, including enhanced spatial resolution, higher data throughput, and improved energy resolution, while maintaining compatibility with a wide range of detector materials. The Italian Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN) has been a member of Medipix4 collaboration since 2020. This review reports the various activities that have been carried out by INFN to fully characterize the performance of detectors based on this technology.Various assemblies composed of a Timepix4 ASIC bump-bonded to Si-sensors with different thicknesses and material characteristics were manufactured and tested.