Abstract
Objective: The objective of this research is to explore the diagnostic value of imaging plus tumor markers in the early detection of lung cancer.
Methods: Sixty patients with lung cancer treated in our hospital from January 2018 to January 2019 were selected as group A. They were matched with 60 patients with benign lung disease as group B and 60 healthy subjects examined in our hospital as group C. The carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA), CYFRA21-1, and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) were assessed, and the diagnostic value of tumor markers plus imaging in lung cancer diagnosis was explored.
Results: The CEA, CYFRA21-1, and NSE in group A were evidently superior to those in groups B and C, and those in group B were superior to those in group C (all P < 0.001). CEA had the highest sensitivity (56.7%), and NSE had the highest specificity (93.3%). The tumor markers plus imaging had the highest sensitivity for different types of lung cancer, and the sensitivity to early lung cancer (90%) was superior to other diagnostic methods (P < 0.05).
Conclusion: The tumor markers plus imaging is of great significance in early lung cancer diagnosis and provides a reference for judging the pathological classification.
Introduction
Lung cancer, one of the most lethal malignancies in clinical practice, lacks the specificity of early symptoms, resulting in difficulty in diagnosis. Many patients are in the middle or advanced stages when diagnosed, normally miss the optimal treatment timing, thus increasing the mortality risk. Thus, the development of an early diagnostic approach of lung cancer to improve the survival rate is highly desirable. As one of the routine detection methods for lung cancer, tumor markers are convenient and easy to obtain but with poor sensitivity. Therefore, it is necessary to combine multiple tumor markers together to improve the diagnosis rate. With the development of multi-slice spiral CT technology, it has been widely used in practice. With the merit of being clear, simple, and efficient, it has played a certain positive role in early lung cancer diagnosis (–). However, studies that are concerned about the combination with CT and tumor markers are scant. Accordingly, a total of 180 eligible patients were enrolled to explore the diagnostic value of combined diagnosis, and the results are as follows. The present study is unique in the sense that multiple indexes were involved in the detection, which has guiding significance for the early diagnosis of lung cancer.
Materials and Methodology
General Information
Sixty patients with lung cancer treated in our hospital from January 2018 to January 2019 were selected as group A. They were matched with 60 patients with benign lung disease as group B and 60 healthy subjects examined in our hospital as group C. The ethical committee of the hospital has approved the study. Comparison of the smoking history rate of the three groups of patients was statistically significant (P < 0.05); whereas other general data among the three groups were similar (P > 0.05), as shown in Table 1.
Table 1
| Group A (n = 60) | Group B (n = 60) | Healthy group (n = 60) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender (male/female) | 42/18 | 41/19 | 40/20 | >0.05 |
| Average age | 51.21 ± 6.20 | 51.23 ± 6.21 | 51.25 ± 5.89 | >0.05 |
| Income (yuan) | >0.05 | |||
| <3,000 | 25 | 26 | 27 | |
| ≥3,000 | 35 | 34 | 33 | |
| Literacy levels | ||||
| Â Â Â High school and below | 21 | 22 | 20 | >0.05 |
| Â Â Â University and above | 39 | 38 | 40 | |
| Alcohol drinking | 32 | 30 | 29 | >0.05 |
| Overweight | 4 | 5 | 2 | >0.05 |
| History of smoking | 56 | 20 | 10 | 0.001 |
The general data of the three groups.
Inclusion Criteria
The inclusion criteria are as follows: (a) patients and their families who are informed of the purpose and process of this experiment, and a consent form had been signed; (b) with complete clinical data; (c) diagnosed with lung cancer in group A, while excluded from the possibility of lung cancer in group B.
Exclusion Criteria
The exclusion criteria are as follows: (a) patients with other organ diseases and chronic diseases; (b) with mental problems or unable to communicate; (c) with a history of malignancy; (d) related to any other participants.
Method
Imaging Diagnosis
The subjects were informed to inhale and hold their breath; the pre-scan method was used to obtain the best level to show the lesions in the patient; the multi-slice spiral CT machine (Philips Brilliance 16-slice spiral CT instrument, SFDA certified no. 2009 No. 3300931, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) was set to 120 kV, 130 mA; the layer thickness and the layer distance were both 10 mm; and the thread pitch was 1. An appropriate window width and position were chosen for observation to make the diseased tissue clearer and more intuitive. Three experienced doctors were asked to read the image, and the final results were defined by all doctors.
Tumor Markers
In the morning, 5 ml of fasting peripheral venous blood was taken. The serum levels of carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA), CYFRA21-1, and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) were determined by electro-chemiluminescence immunoassay (COBASE 411, original matching reagent, SFDA Certified No. 3402843). The electrolysis reaction was carried out by applying a certain waveform voltage or current signal on the electrode so that the coexisting components in the system react to produce chemiluminescence phenomenon to quantify/qualify the tumor marker to be tested. The reference ranges were ≤ 5, ≤ 3.3, and ≤ 16.3 ng/ ml, respectively.
Observation Indexes
The serum levels of CEA, CYFRA21-1, and NSE of all groups were assessed.
Diagnostic Value of Imaging Plus Tumor Markers
The following indexes were compared. (a) Sensitivity: (positive cases in group A)/(total number in group A); (b) specificity: (negative cases in group B + negative cases in the group C)/(the total number of group B + the total number of group C); (c) positive predictive value: (positive cases in the group A)/(positive cases in group A + positive cases in group B + positive cases in group C); (d) negative predictive value: (negative cases in the group A)/(negative cases in group A + negative cases in group B + negative cases in group C) (–).
Classification of Lung Cancer
The lung cancer was divided into squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, small cell lung cancer, and mixed lung cancer. The number and proportion of each category were calculated.
Sensitivity and Diagnostic Value of Combined Diagnosis
The combined diagnosis was conducted to determine the sensitivity of different combined diagnosis methods for different types of lung cancer. Then, the sensitivity of combined diagnosis for early lung cancer was calculated.
Statistical Methods
The data were processed by the SPSS22.0 statistical software, and the graphics were plotted by GraphPad prism 8.0. Measurement data were expressed as ( s) and tested by one-way ANOVA. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine the area under curve (AUC); P < 0.05 indicated the statistical difference.
Results
Comparison of Tumor Markers in Three Groups
The CEA, CYFRA21-1, and NSE in group A were considerably superior to those in groups B and C, and those in group B were superior to those in group C (all P < 0.001), as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1
Comparison of the Diagnostic Value in Tumor Markers and Imaging Diagnosis
In the early diagnosis of lung cancer, CEA had the highest sensitivity (56.7%) and NSE had the highest specificity (93.3%), as shown in Table 2.
Table 2
| Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) | Positive predictive value (%) | Negative predictive value (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CEA | 56.7 (34/60) | 91.7 (110/120) | 77.3 (34/44) | 80.9 (110/136) |
| NSE | 33.3 (20/60) | 93.3 (112/120) | 71.4 (20/28) | 73.7 (112/152) |
| CYFRA21-1 | 46.7 (28/60) | 92.5 (111/120) | 75.7 (28/37) | 77.6 (111/143) |
| Imaging diagnosis | 50.0 (30/60) | 87.5 (105/120) | 66.7 (30/45) | 77.8 (105/135) |
Comparison of tumor markers in three groups.
Classification Statistics of Lung Cancer
In group A, 28 patients had squamous cell carcinoma, 20 had adenocarcinoma, 9 had small cell lung cancer, and 3 had mixed lung cancer, as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2
Comparison of Sensitivity and Specificity in the Combined Diagnosis
The imaging diagnosis combined with tumor markers had the highest sensitivity of different types of lung cancer, and the sensitivity to lung cancer (90%) was superior to other diagnostic methods (P < 0.05), as shown in Tables 3, 4 and Figure 3.
Table 3
| Squamous cell carcinoma (n = 28) | Adenocarcinoma (n = 20) | Small cell lung cancer (n = 9) | Mixed lung cancer (n = 3) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CEA+ CYFRA21-1 | 21 (75.0) | 16 (80.0) | 2 (22.2) | 1 (33.3) |
| CEA+ NSE | 19 (67.9) | 12 (60.0) | 4 (44.4) | 1 (33.3) |
| CYFRA21-1+ NSE | 20 (71.4) | 11 (55.0) | 4 (44.4) | 1 (33.3) |
| CEA+ CYFRA21-1+ NSE | 23 (82.1) | 16 (80.0) | 5 (55.6) | 1 (33.3) |
| Tumor markers combined with Imaging Diagnosis | 26 (92.9) | 18 (90.0) | 7 (77.8) | 3 (100.0) |
Comparison of sensitivity in the combined diagnosis.
Table 4
| Squamous cell carcinoma (n = 28) | Adenocarcinoma (n = 20) | Small cell lung cancer (n = 9) | Mixed lung cancer (n = 3) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CEA+ CYFRA21-1 | 22 (78.6) | 17 (85.0) | 3 (33.3) | 1 (33.3) |
| CEA+ NSE | 20 (71.4) | 13 (65.0) | 4 (44.4) | 1 (33.3) |
| CYFRA21-1+ NSE | 20 (71.4) | 12 (60.0) | 4 (44.4) | 1 (33.3) |
| CEA+ CYFRA21-1+ NSE | 24 (85.7) | 16 (80.0) | 5 (55.6) | 2 (66.7) |
| Tumor markers combined with Imaging Diagnosis | 27 (96.4) | 19 (95.0) | 8 (88.9) | 3 (100.0) |
Comparison of specificity in the combined diagnosis.
Figure 3
Diagnostic Value
According to the ROC curve, when the AUC of CEA+CYFRA21-1 is 0.653 (95% CI: 0.578–0.728), the sensitivity is 0.448 and the specificity is 0.800; when the AUC of CEA+NSE is 0.699 (95% CI: 0.628–0.770), the sensitivity is 0.686 and the specificity is 0.660; when the AUC of CYFRA21-1+ NSE is 0.782 (95% CI: 0.719–0.846), the sensitivity is 0.638 and the specificity is 0.870; when the AUC of CEA+ CYFRA21-1+ NSE is 0.714 (95% CI: 0.643–0.785), the sensitivity is 0.552 and the specificity is 0.820; when the AUC of tumor markers combined with imaging diagnosis is 0.824 (95% CI: 0.766–0.882), the sensitivity is 0.857 and the specificity is 0.700 (Figure 4).
Figure 4
Discussion
Carcino-embryonic antigen, a non-specific tumor marker, shows an upward trend in both malignant tumor and benign disease. Therefore, group A had a higher CEA than the other two groups, whereas group B had a higher CEA than group C (P < 0.001). Additionally, CEA alone had the highest sensitivity (56.7%), confirming its certain value in the early diagnosis, as shown in this study. NSE, the main tumor marker of small cell lung cancer, was significantly higher in group A than the other two groups (P < 0.001), with the highest specificity of NSE in group A (93.3%), indicating that NSE has a high application value in combined detection. CYFRA21-1, usually located in tumor cells of epithelial origin in the lung, is widely secreted when tumor cells were dissolved (–). Moreover, group A had a higher CYFRA21-1 than the other two groups (P < 0.001), with a higher positive predictive value than those of NSE and imaging diagnosis, suggesting a vital role of CYFRA21-1 in early diagnosis. In this study, the three tumor markers, CEA, CYFRA21-1, and NSE, are all substances that have important guiding significance for the diagnosis of lung cancer. Since a single test has certain limitations, false positive or false negative results may occur, which may mislead the clinical diagnosis. Therefore, a combined test is needed to improve the accuracy of the diagnosis of lung cancer. The combined detection of tumor markers can effectively improve the sensitivity of lung cancer diagnosis and is of great significance for the early diagnosis of lung cancer.
Lung cancer is a disease with many pathological types that single tumor marker detection cannot meet the need for an accurate diagnosis. Clinically, a variety of highly sensitive tumor markers are usually combined to accelerate the early diagnosis, and CEA, CYFRA21-1, and NSE are frequently used (–). It can be concluded from the comparison of the sensitivity of CEA, CYFRA21-1, and NSE alone and combined detection that a single tumor marker for diagnosis is not satisfactory, whereas the combined detection yields an excellent result in the early diagnosis. In addition, different combination methods have an impact on the detection rate of different lung cancer types. In small cell lung cancer, NSE plus other tumor markers can improve the detection rate, which is possible because small cell lung cancer has the characteristics of neuroendocrine cells. Tumor markers combined with imaging diagnosis have the highest sensitivity in the distinguishing lung cancer types, and its sensitivity for lung cancer (90%) is highly superior to other diagnostic methods (P < 0.05). Duncan Sullivan carried out research to compare the sensitivity of tumor marker alone and combined with imaging diagnosis and found that the sensitivity of imaging diagnosis plus CEA, CYFRA21-1, and NSE was 91.3% (73/80), confirming the high diagnostic value of the combination diagnosis in the early diagnosis (), which is in line with this study. A number of studies have carried out different screening techniques and used screening tumor markers to predict early lung cancer, and all have achieved good results. The study conducted by Stefan-van et al. () is different from the current study; they synthesized phthalocyanine BODIPY dye (BODIPY = boron dipyrrolidine) [phthalocyanine-BODIPY dye (BODIPY = boron dipyrromethene)] and used it for molecular recognition of lung cancer biomarkers cyfra21-1. And the detection of CYFRA21-1 level is of great significance for the diagnosis, curative effect evaluation, and prognosis monitoring of non-small cell lung cancer, because it is considered that CEA and squamous cell carcinoma antigen (scc) as biochemical indicators generates a poor sensitivity and specificity. However, this study has improved the sensitivity and specificity by using multiple indicator–combined detection. Stefan-van et al. () used nanostructured materials based on Cu and Ni films deposited on textile materials (veil) and gold nanostructured microspheres for the design of new stochastic sensors. The random sensor can simultaneously detect a set of biomarkers, including epidermal growth factor receptor, neuron-specific enolase, and carcinoembryonic antigen from whole blood samples, with high reliability and recovery rate over 97%. The random sensor has shown high sensitivity and low determination levels in the detection of the proposed biomarkers, making it possible to detect lung cancer early through rapid screening of whole blood. Comnea-Stancu et al. () proposed a random sensor based on maltodextrin with different glucose equivalents for the determination of three lung cancer biomarkers: neuron-specific enolase, carcinoembryonic antigen, and epidermal growth factor receptor. This sensor can simultaneously determine the content of NSE, CEA, and HER-1 in whole blood (qualitative and quantitative), with a recovery rate >97%. This screening test is also helpful for the rapid and early diagnosis of lung cancer. These three studies are aimed at the detection of tumor markers using new technologies and provide new ideas for future research. The limitation of this study is that it did not conduct multivariate regression analysis and did not explore the influencing factors of early lung cancer. In the future, the risk factors will be included, aiming to develop early intervention and prevent the occurrence of lung cancer (–).
In summary, both tumor marker detection and imaging diagnosis have a certain positive significance for the early diagnosis of lung cancer, while the combination has the highest value in the diagnosis and classification. In practice, it should be applied according to the actual situation.
Publisher's Note
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Statements
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary files, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.
Ethics statement
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by our hospital. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.
Author contributions
All authors listed have made a substantial, direct, and intellectual contribution to the work and approved it for publication.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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Summary
Keywords
lung cancer, imaging, tumor markers, diagnostic value, CEA
Citation
Wei S-J, Wang L-P, Wang J-Y, Ma J-X, Chuan F-B and Zhang Y-D (2021) Diagnostic Value of Imaging Combined With Tumor Markers in Early Detection of Lung Cancer. Front. Surg. 8:694210. doi: 10.3389/fsurg.2021.694210
Received
12 April 2021
Accepted
21 September 2021
Published
26 November 2021
Volume
8 - 2021
Edited by
Monica Casiraghi, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), Italy
Reviewed by
Nuri Tutar, Erciyes University, Turkey; Raluca Ioana Stefan-van Staden, National Institute of Research and Development for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter (INCEMC), Romania
Updates
Copyright
© 2021 Wei, Wang, Wang, Ma, Chuan and Zhang.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Yu-Dong Zhang mdzhangyd@126.com
†These authors have contributed equally to this work
This article was submitted to Surgical Oncology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Surgery
Disclaimer
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.