Abstract
Objectives:
Even underwent radical resection, some patients of thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) are still exposed to local recurrence in a short time. To this end, the present study sought to differentiate patient subgroups by assessing risk factors for postoperative early (within one year) local lymph node recurrence (PELLNR).
Methods:
ESCC patients were selected from a prospective database, and divided into high- and low-risk groups according to the time of their local lymphatic recurrence (within one year or later). Survival analysis was conducted by the Cox regression model to evaluate the overall survival (OS) between the two groups. The hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of different variables were also calculated. Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the high-risk factors for PELLNR with the odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI calculated.
Results:
A total of 432 cases were included. The survival of patients in the high-risk group (n = 47) was significantly inferior to the low-risk group (n = 385) (HR = 11.331, 95% CI: 6.870–16.688, P < 0.001). The 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year OS rate of the patients in high/low-risk groups were 74.5% vs. 100%, 17% vs. 88.8%, and 11.3% vs. 79.2%, respectively (P < 0.001). Risk factors for local lymph node recurrence within one year included upper thoracic location (OR = 4.071, 95% CI: 1.499–11.055, P = 0.006), advanced T staging (pT3–4, OR = 3.258, 95% CI: 1.547–6.861, P = 0.002), advanced N staging (pN2–3, OR = 5.195, 95% CI: 2.269–11.894, P < 0.001), and neoadjuvant treatment (OR = 3.609, 95% CI: 1.716–7.589, P = 0.001). In neoadjuvant therapy subgroup, high-risk group still had unfavorable survival (Log-rank P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that upper thoracic location (OR = 5.064, 95% CI: 1.485–17.261, P = 0.010) and advanced N staging (pN2–3) (OR = 5.999, 95% CI: 1.986–18.115, P = 0.001) were independent risk factors for early local lymphatic recurrence. However, the cT downstaging (OR = 0.862, 95% CI: 0.241–3.086, P = 0.819) and cN downstaging (OR = 0.937, 95% CI: 0.372–2.360, P = 0.890) for patients in the neoadjuvant subgroup failed to lower PELLNR. The predominant recurrence field type was single-field.
Conclusions:
Thoracic ESCC patients with lymph node recurrence within one year delivered poor outcomes, with advanced stages (pT3–4/pN2–3) and upper thoracic location considered risk factors for early recurrence.
Introduction
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the most common esophageal malignancy, featuring an Asian lineage and a thoracic location as the most common circumstances (, ). Multidisciplinary treatment is the generally accepted treatment strategy for locally advanced ESCC, with surgery considered a key component of a comprehensive treatment framework (, ). However, even after radical resection, some patients still face local recurrence in a short period (, ). Particularly, early local lymphatic recurrence within one year after surgery is the main reason for postoperative failure and poor prognosis for long-term survival (). In addition, early recurrence raises questions among doctors and patients about the role of surgery in comprehensive treatment of ESCC. However, the clinical factors affecting early postoperative local lymphatic recurrence are inconclusive, thereby resulting in the lack of support for adjuvant treatment of patients undergoing R0 resection in clinical guidelines, including The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (). It is hereby hypothesized that distinct clinicopathological characteristics determine the likelihood of early local lymphatic recurrence within one year after radical resection. Two subgroups of patients are speculated to require different diagnosis and treatment programs. Thus, a retrospective review was hereby conducted upon the prospective database of the Thoracic Surgery Department I of Peking University Cancer Hospital, taking thoracic ESCC patients having undergone radical esophagectomy as subjects. Clinicopathological factors and follow-up information were reviewed to assess risk factors for early local lymphatic recurrence, and long-term prognostic characteristics were examined to clarify the early-recurrence subgroup of patients.
Methods
Characteristics of the database
Eligible patients were screened from the prospective ESCC database of our department. In accordance with the Institutional Review Board, the informed consent requirement was waived for this study. The database was established in 2000, and is provided with the following characteristics:
- 1)
It featured a high-level standardization. Data collection was designed as a pull-down menu of standardized items, which avoided varying physician descriptions.
- 2)
Baseline data must be entered before initial treatment, and the pre-operative data including the re-staging information must be entered before surgery. The intraoperative findings (operation notes) must be completed before the patient leaves the operating room, and discharge notes must be entered before the patient leaves the hospital. Outpatient follow-up information must be entered in real-time.
- 3)
The pre-treatment/pre-operation examinations included gastroscopy with tumor biopsy and pathological diagnosis. The staging and quantitative examinations included gastroscopy bronchoscopy (middle or upper thoracic ESCC), chest/abdominal contrast CT scan, abdominal ultrasound, and cervical-supraclavicular ultrasound, and upper gastrointestinal barium meal. Since its establishment in 2012, whole-body PET/CT and ultrasound endoscopy have been performed routinely.
- 4)
Patients were staged according to The 7th Edition of the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC)/American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM staging system for esophageal cancer ().
- 5)
Locally advanced patients (cT3∼4a or cN+) received neoadjuvant treatment, predominantly induction chemotherapy; the regimens were dual drug combinations based on platinum, 95% of which were paclitaxel combined with cisplatin. All patients underwent surgery 4∼6 weeks after neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
- 6)
Follow-up was defined as outpatient visit with standard examinations. Follow-up evaluation consisted of interviews at 3-month intervals for 2 years, then at 6-month intervals for 3 years, and finally at 12-month intervals until death. Outpatient follow-up visits included records of symptoms and findings of physical examinations. Objective examinations included chest CT scan, barium upper esophagography, abdominal and cervical ultrasound, and gastroscopy, if necessary. Since 2010, some subjects have undergone positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET/CT) examinations.
- 7)
Local lymph node recurrence was defined as regional lymph nodes within the surgical field, while lymph node-recurrent regions were classified as cervical-supraclavicular lymph node, mediastinal lymph node, and abdominal lymph node according to locations of the lymph nodes. The standard for recurrence was newly found enlarged lymph nodes (minimal diameter > 10 mm) on the follow-up cervical-supraclavicular region by physical examination/ultrasound/CT, chest by CT, and abdominal by CT/ultrasound, which was hypermetabolic on PET/CT.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: 1) Patients having received surgery between January 1 2010 and April 30 2017; 2) Treatment naïve patients before visiting us; 3) Pathologically confirmed squamous cell carcinoma; and 4) Patients having undergone the McKeown (open/minimal invasive) procedure and R0 resection (en-bloc) with at least two-field lymph node dissection.
Exclusion criteria:1) Patients with cervical esophageal cancer; 2) Patients with distant metastases or local recurrence plus distant metastases as the first recurrence; 3) Patients exposed to anastomotic recurrence; 4) Patients subject to perioperative death (died within 90 days after surgery); 5) Patients having died from reasons other than cancer; 6) Patients having received adjuvant radiotherapy after surgery; or 7) Patients presenting other malignancies at the time of ESCC.
Herein, a total of 432 cases were ultimately surveyed. Based on the observation of the lymph node recurrence risk of esophageal cancer in this center, it was found that one year after surgery was the highest risk of recurrence, which was thus divided into a high-risk group (local lymphatic recurrence within one year) and a low-risk group (local lymphatic recurrence after one year) (Supplementary Appendix S1).
Statistics
SPSS 25.0 software (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY) was used for statistical analysis; the chi-square test or Fisher's exact probability method was used for numerical data comparisons, and the rank sum test was used for ranked data comparison. The correlation between different parameters was analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis, and the Kaplan-Meier curve was used to analyze the survival of patients. Intergroup survival analysis was completed using the Log-Rank method. Multivariate survival analysis was conducted based on the Cox regression model. The hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of different variables were also calculated. A logistic regression model was used to evaluate risk factors for recurrence within one year with the odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI calculated. The P value less than 0.05 was defined as statistical significance.
Results
General characteristics of the patients
A total of 432 cases were selected for this study, of which, 327 (78.2%) were male and 105 (21.8%) were female, with a median age of 60 (range: 39–80). Besides, 216 patients (50%) received neoadjuvant therapy, and 17 (8%) obtained pCR as confirmed by postoperative pathological examination. The numbers of cases with Stage I, II, and III were 122 (28.2%), 186 (43.1%), and 107 (24.8%), respectively. The follow-up rate was 91.2%, with 38 cases lost to follow-up. The median follow-up time was 41.9 months (3.2 months to 116.5 months). At the last follow-up, 114 cases (26.4%) had local recurrence, and 93 (49.2%) died. Upon recurrence, 76 cases (66.7%) received chemo/chemoradiotherapy, and 38 (33.3%) received supportive treatment only. The general clinicopathological data of the high-risk group vs. the low-risk group and the neoadjuvant treatment group vs. the direct surgery group are shown in Supplementary Appendices S2, S3.
Survival analysis
The survival of high-risk patients (47 cases, 10.9%) was significantly worse than that of low-risk patients (385 cases, 90.1%) (HR = 11.331, 95% CI: 6.870–16.688, P < 0.001) (Table 1). The 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year overall survival (OS) of high-risk and low-risk patients was 74.5% vs. 100%,17% vs. 88.8%, and 11.3% vs. 79.2% (P < 0.001), respectively (Figure 1).
Figure 1
Table 1
| Item | Multivariate | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | P | |
| Sex (Male vs. Female) | 1.177 | 0.700–1.981 | 0.539 |
| Age (>60 year vs. ≤ 60 year) | 0.844 | 0.549–1.298 | 0.441 |
| Location | 0.771 | ||
| L1 vs. L3 | 1.064 | 0.607–1.867 | 0.828 |
| L2 vs. L3 | 0.879 | 0.459–1.683 | 0.697 |
| Neoadjuvant therapy (Yes vs. No) | 1.189 | 0.732–1.931 | 0.485 |
| Lvi (Yes vs. No) | 0.880 | 0.496–1.561 | 0.662 |
| pT (T3-4 vs. T1-2) | 2.493 | 1.562–3.980 | 0.000 |
| pN (N2-3 vs. N0-1) | 2.223 | 1.241–3.982 | 0.007 |
| Lymph nodes dissected (>20 vs. ≤ 20) | 1.392 | 0.905–2.141 | 0.132 |
| High-risk vs. low-risk group | 11.331 | 6.870–18.688 | 0.000 |
Multivariate COX regression overall survival analysis.
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; L1, upper thoracic location; L2, middle thoracic location; L3, lower thoracic location; Lvi, lymph-vascular invasion.
Analysis for risk factors of PELLNR within one year
Upper thoracic location (OR = 4.071, 95% CI: 1.499–11.055, P = 0.006), advanced T staging (pT3–4) (OR = 3.258, 95% CI: 1.547–6.861, P = 0.002), advanced N staging (pN2–3) (OR = 5.195, 95% CI: 2.269–11.894, P < 0.001), and neoadjuvant therapy (OR = 3.609, 95% CI: 1.716–7.589, P = 0.001) were found independent risk factors for early local lymphatic recurrence via multivariate analysis (Table 2).
Table 2
| Item | Univariate | Multivariate | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | P | HR | 95% CI | P | |
| Sex (Female vs. Male) | 1.218 | 0.616–2.405 | 0.571 | |||
| Age (>60 year vs. ≤ 60 year) | 0.624 | 0.338–1150 | 0.131 | |||
| Smoker (Yes vs. No) | 1.107 | 0.585–2.096 | 0.755 | |||
| Location (L1 vs. L2+L3) | 3.32 | 1.319–8.359 | 0.11 | 4.071 | 1.499–11.055 | 0.006 |
| Multiple primary tumor (Yes vs. No) | 1.644 | 0.599–4.509 | 0.334 | |||
| Neoadjuvant therapy (Yes vs. No) | 3.287 | 1.656–6.525 | 0.001 | 3.609 | 1.716–7.589 | 0.001 |
| Approach (VATS vs. Open) | 0.741 | 0.378–1.453 | 0.383 | |||
| Lymph nodes dissected (>20 vs. ≤ 20) | 1.125 | 0.613–2.064 | 0.704 | |||
| Lvi (Yes vs. No) | 2.168 | 1.097–4.284 | 0.026 | 1.262 | 0.557–2.857 | 0.577 |
| pT (T3-4 vs. T1-2) | 4.423 | 2.226–8.788 | <0.001 | 3.258 | 1.547–6.861 | 0.002 |
| pN (N2-3 vs. N0-1) | 7.127 | 3.459–14.682 | <0.001 | 5.195 | 2.269–11.894 | <0.001 |
| Serious complication (Yes vs. No) | 1.518 | 0.556–4.142 | 0.415 | |||
| Postoperative adjuvant therapy (Yes vs. No) | 1.444 | 0.783–2.663 | 0.239 | |||
Results of univariate and multivariate analyses of risk factors for PELLNR in ESCC patients with radical esophagectomy.
HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; L1, upper thoracic location; L2, middle thoracic location; L3, lower thoracic location; VATS, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery; Lvi, lymph-vascular invasion.
Subgroup analysis for patients with neoadjuvant therapy
Herein, 206 (95.37%) of 216 patients with neoadjuvant chemotherapy were treated with TP regimen (paclitaxel/nab-paclitaxel+cisplatin) and 22 (10.19%), 169 (78.24%), 17 (7.87%) and 8 (3.70%) patients underwent 1, 2, 3 and 4 cycles of preoperative treatment, respectively. Compared with patients having undergone directly surgery, patients who received neoadjuvant therapy had more advanced stages, and the proportion of cN+cases in the two subgroups was 16.2% and 64.8%, respectively. In addition, for neoadjuvant therapy cases, high-risk group (35 cases, 16.2%) had poorer survival compared with low-risk group (181 cases, 83.8%) (HR = 7.991, 95% CI: 4.482–14.248, P < 0.001). The 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year OS of high-risk and low-risk patients were 80% vs. 100%, 15.2% vs. 82.6%, and 10.2% vs. 75.2%, respectively (P < 0.001) (Figure 2). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that upper thoracic location (OR = 5.064, 95% CI: 1.485–17.261, P = 0.010) and advanced N staging (pN2–3) (OR = 5.999, 95% CI: 1.986–18.115, P = 0.001) were independent risk factors for early local lymphatic recurrence. However, after neoadjuvant therapy, cT downstaging (OR = 0.862, 95% CI: 0.241–3.086, P = 0.819) or cN downstaging (OR = 0.937, 95% CI: 0.372–2.360, P = 0.890) failed to lower the risk for early lymphatic recurrence (Table 3).
Figure 2
Table 3
| Item | Univariate | Multivariate | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | P | HR | 95% CI | P | |
| Sex (Female vs. Male) | 0.881 | 0.358–2.167 | 0.783 | |||
| Age (>60 year vs. ≤ 60 year) | 0.547 | 0.260–1.152 | 0.112 | |||
| Smoker (Yes vs. No) | 1.127 | 0.751–1.692 | 0.563 | |||
| Location (L1 vs. L2+L3) | 4.435 | 1.424–13.812 | 0.01 | 5.064 | 1.485–12.261 | 0.01 |
| Multiple primary tumor (Yes vs. No) | 1.118 | 0.304–4.116 | 0.866 | |||
| Approach (VATS vs. Open) | 0.827 | 0.373–1.834 | 0.64 | |||
| Lymph nodes dissected (>20 vs. ≤ 20) | 1.017 | 0.492–2.103 | 0.964 | |||
| Lvi (Yes vs. No) | 3.312 | 1.428–7.684 | 0.005 | 2.117 | 0.777–5.768 | 0.142 |
| pT (T3-4 vs. T1-2) | 3.301 | 1.498–7.275 | 0.003 | 2.73 | 0.760–9.807 | 0.124 |
| pN (N2-3 vs. N0-1) | 8.922 | 3.466–22.963 | <0.001 | 5.999 | 1.986–18.115 | 0.001 |
| cT down staging | 0.413 | 0.188–0.910 | 0.028 | 0.862 | 0.241–3.086 | 0.819 |
| cN down staging | 0.516 | 0.234–1.138 | 0.101 | 0.937 | 0.372–2.360 | 0.89 |
| Serious complication (Yes vs. No) | 1.212 | 0.327–4.495 | 0.774 | |||
| Postoperative adjuvant therapy (Yes vs. No) | 1.1 | 0.514–2.354 | 0.806 | |||
Results of univariate and multivariate analyses of risk factors for PELLNR in ESCC patients with neoadjuvant therapy.
HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; L1, upper thoracic location; L2, middle thoracic location; L3, lower thoracic location; VATS, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery; Lvi, lymph-vascular invasion.
Lymph node dissection site and common sites for local lymphatic recurrence
All the patients in the study had two- or three-field lymph node dissection. Patients who had mediastinal lymph node dissection mainly included 304 cases (70.37%) with left and right recurrent laryngeal nerve lymph nodes, 419 cases (96.99%) with subcarinal lymph nodes, 432 cases (100%) with paraesophageal lymph nodes, and 323 cases (74.77%) of superior phrenic lymph nodes; patients who had abdominal lymph node dissection mainly included 422 (97.69%) with right cardiac lymph nodes, 422 patients (97.69%) with left cardiac lymph nodes, 422 patients (97.69%) with gastric lesser curvature lymph nodes, 422 patients (97.69%) with left gastric periarterial lymph nodes; 19 patients (4.39%) underwent cervical lymph node dissection. The most common sites for local lymphatic recurrence were mediastinal lymph nodes (74 cases, 17.1%), cervical lymph nodes (44 cases, 10.2%), and abdominal lymph nodes (19 cases, 4.4%), successively. The predominant field type for recurrence was single-field, with 92 (21.3%) cases found to have a single-field recurrence, and 22 (5.1%), multiple-field recurrence.
Comment
A high-quality prospective database is important for a reliable retrospective study, and standardized terms, prospective maintenance, and formatted content are the sole requirements for data quality. Herein, the original data (including image series) were traceable for each patient in our study. In order to avoid the interference of different lymph node dissection ranges of different procedures, the inclusion/exclusion criteria were hereby designed to avoid possible ambiguous factors to affect the survival. For example, only patients having undergone the McKeown (open/minimally invasive) procedure and en-bloc resection were included (). All patients had at least two-field (chest and abdomen) lymph node dissection and R0 resection (). Patients with cervical esophageal cancer and those who either had simultaneous distant metastases as the first recurrence, anastomotic recurrence or underwent postoperative supplementary radiation, were excluded (, ). Even though, 10.9% of PELLNR cases were still observed. Although 87% of the patients received radiotherapy/chemotherapy upon the detection of recurrence, the long-term prognosis was still far worse than that of the low-risk group. In this case, it was thought that the long-term survival of ESCC patients could be improved by strengthening local control measures to control regional lymph node recurrence better.
Upper thoracic location, advanced T/N staging, and preoperative therapy were found independent risk factors for early local recurrence
viamultivariate analysis, and such a finding is provided with the following clinical implications:
- 1.
Cervical lymph node dissection should be emphasized for upper thoracic ESCC. Japanese surgeons believe that cervical lymph node dissection should be routinely performed to reduce the local recurrence rate of ESCC in the upper thorax (, ). However, in this study, cervical lymph node dissection was only performed for those with clinical suspicious lymph node metastases (only 19 cases), which might be one of the reasons for the higher risk of ESCC in the upper thorax.
- 2.
Staging of esophageal cancer is hindered by the low coincidence rate between clinical and postoperative pathological staging, and methods from multiple perspectives are thus required for more accurate staging. Compared with other solid malignancies such as lung cancer, various preoperative staging methods for esophageal cancer are subject to certain limitations, thereby affecting the accuracy of clinical staging, also the differentiation of the postoperative curative effect (, ). For this reason, the pathological staging was still hereby used to reflect the malignant degree of the tumor. According to multivariate analysis, patients with more advanced stages (pT3–4/pN2–3) presented higher infiltration and metastatic ability of the tumor and were more likely to have PELLNR.
- 3.
The importance of re-staging after induction therapy needs to be emphasized. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy could reduce the tumor size, eliminate potential metastases, and downstage the tumor, thus reducing postoperative recurrence and metastasis, and improving the long-term survival of the patients (). In order to minimize the impact of selection bias on the results, subgroup analysis was performed for patients with neoadjuvant therapy. The results showed that upper thoracic location and pN2–3 were still risk factors for PELLNR. However, the responses to neoadjuvant therapy (cT downstaging and cN downstaging) were not independent risk factors for PELLNR. The potential reasons were: first, the small sample size limited the influence of different tumor responses on the risk of PELLNR; second, the accuracy of clinical evaluation for the efficacy of neoadjuvant therapy was still unsatisfactory.
- 4.
Efforts should be made to introspect the survival benefits of chemotherapy alone and provide more evidence for the effect of induction chemotherapy alone and induction chemoradiotherapy. In the current study, those having received neoadjuvant therapy were more likely to have PELLNR. Although further analysis showed that the proportion of cN+was higher in the neoadjuvant therapy group (64.8%) compared with that in the upfront surgery group (16.2%), the benefit of neoadjuvant therapy could not counteract the influence of the advanced stage. Additional research should focus on the differences in the clinical benefit of curative chemoradiotherapy or surgery for the patients who failed to get downstaging after induction chemotherapy, and finally provide a reference for clinicians to establish the corresponding treatment strategies for different patient subgroups (, ).
Limitations of the study
First, the retrospective nature of the study determined the inevitable selection bias. For example, most patients who had received neoadjuvant therapy due to an advanced disease still had an early recurrence. Second, although the type of esophagectomy was limited to the McKeown procedure, and the resection pattern and dissection range of lymph nodes were strictly controlled, the influence of surgical quality on the recurrence could not be assessed. Third, the sample size was rather limited, and the single-center nature of the hereby selected data might have biased the interpretation of the results.
In summary, the results showed that patients with PELLNR had poorer survival and that upper thoracic location and advanced T/N staging (pT3–4/pN2–3) were the risk factors for PELLNR. For patients having received induction therapy due to advanced disease at the baseline, re-staging after neoadjuvant treatment should be reinforced to distinguish those who could oncologically benefit from surgery and those with only technically resectable tumors.
Statements
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s.
Author contributions
K-NC: putting forward research ideas and designing research programs, LD: Conducting research and writing paper; Y-BY, Y-YW, W-PY, Z-MW: collecting data. HF: analyzing data. YL: translating literature. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Acknowledgments
Funding: for this work provided by the National Key R & D Program of China (2017YFC0907504), the Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals Special Fund for Digestive System Multidisciplinary Synergic Development (XXT18), the Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals Incubating Program (PX2018044).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
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Supplementary material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsurg.2022.1043755/full#supplementary-material.
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Summary
Keywords
early local lymph node recurrence, mckeown esophagectomy, risk factors, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, prognosis of esophageal cancer
Citation
Dai L, Yang Y-B, Wu Y-Y, Fu H, Yan W-P, Lin Y, Wang Z-M and Chen K-N (2023) Risk factors for early local lymph node recurrence of thoracic ESCC after McKeown esophagectomy. Front. Surg. 9:1043755. doi: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.1043755
Received
14 September 2022
Accepted
04 November 2022
Published
06 January 2023
Volume
9 - 2022
Edited by
Mingqiang Kang, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, China
Reviewed by
Yan Zheng, Henan Provincial Cancer Hospital, China Rirong Qu, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
Updates
Copyright
© 2023 Dai, Yang, Wu, Fu, Yan, Lin, Wang and Chen.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Ke-Neng Chen chenkeneng@bjmu.edu.cn
Abbreviations CI, confidence interval; CT, computed tomography; cT, clinical tumor stage; cN, clinical node stage; DFS, disease-free survival; ESCC, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; PET, positron emission tomography; HR, hazard ratio; OR, odds ratio; OS, overall survival; pN, pathologic node stage; pT, pathologic tumor stage; TNM, tumor-node-metastasis; VATS, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery.
Specialty Section: This article was submitted to Thoracic Surgery, a section of the journal Frontiers in Surgery
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