Abstract
Background:
Postoperative cervical haematoma represents an infrequent but potentially life-threatening complication of thyroidectomy. Since this complication is uncommon, the assessment of risk factors associated with its development is challenging. The main aim of this study was to identify the risk factors for its occurrence.
Methods:
Patients undergoing thyroidectomy in seven high-volume thyroid surgery centers in Europe, between January 2020 and December 2022, were retrospectively analysed. Based on the onset of cervical haematoma, two groups were identified: Cervical Haematoma (CH) Group and No Cervical Haematoma (NoCH) Group. Univariate analysis was performed to compare these two groups. Moreover, employing multivariate analysis, all potential independent risk factors for the development of this complication were assessed.
Results:
Eight thousand eight hundred and thirty-nine patients were enrolled: 8,561 were included in NoCH Group and 278 in CH Group. Surgical revision of haemostasis was performed in 70 (25.18%) patients. The overall incidence of postoperative cervical haematoma was 3.15% (0.79% for cervical haematomas requiring surgical revision of haemostasis, and 2.35% for those managed conservatively). The timing of onset of cervical haematomas requiring surgical revision of haemostasis was within six hours after the end of the operation in 52 (74.28%) patients. Readmission was necessary in 3 (1.08%) cases. At multivariate analysis, male sex (P < 0.001), older age (P < 0.001), higher BMI (P = 0.021), unilateral lateral neck dissection (P < 0.001), drain placement (P = 0.007), and shorter operative times (P < 0.001) were found to be independent risk factors for cervical haematoma.
Conclusions:
Based on our findings, we believe that patients with the identified risk factors should be closely monitored in the postoperative period, particularly during the first six hours after the operation, and excluded from outpatient surgery.
Introduction
In endocrine surgery, thyroidectomy is the most frequently performed surgical procedure (–).
Morbidity related to thyroidectomy is mainly represented by hypoparathyroidism, recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, and cervical haematoma. These complications can occur at a considerable rate even if thyroid surgery is performed by highly experienced surgeons (–).
Obtaining accurate haemostasis during thyroidectomy is crucial to prevent the occurrence of postoperative bleeding and, allowing adequate vision of the anatomical structures, is also important to avert the onset of the other complications ().
As regards postoperative cervical haematoma, it represents an infrequent but potentially life-threatening complication, occurring in up to 6.5% of patients (–).
This complication can lead to acute airway obstruction, through direct compression or venous congestion resulting in significant airway oedema, which can be followed by severe neurological sequelae or even death, if its occurrence is not promptly and appropriately managed. Cervical haematoma with associated airway compromise requires an immediate surgical revision of haemostasis. In the event of acute respiratory distress, the wound should be opened immediately at the patient's bedside. However, it is important to point out that in several cases cervical haematomas can be managed non-surgically (–).
Regarding the timing of onset, this complication mostly occurs within the first 6 h after surgery and is quite infrequent after 24 h (, , , , , , , ).
The risk of postoperative cervical haematoma, with its possible consequences, is the most significant obstacle to the expansion of outpatient thyroidectomy, which is becoming increasingly popular in recent years (, , ). A better understanding of the risk factors for the occurrence of this complication may help to select patients suitable for outpatient thyroid surgery. However, since cervical haematoma is uncommon, the assessment of risk factors associated with its development is challenging (–).
The main aim of this study was to identify the risk factors for the onset of postoperative cervical haematoma in patients undergoing thyroidectomy.
Materials and methods
Study design and population
This is a multicenter, retrospective, international study on patients undergoing thyroidectomy between January 2020 and December 2022.
Data were collected from seven high-volume thyroid surgery centers in Europe:
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General Surgery Unit, Cagliari University Hospital, Monserrato, Italy;
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Endocrine Surgery Unit, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy;
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Endocrine and Metabolic Surgery Unit, “Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli
IRCCS”, Rome, Italy;
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Minimally Invasive Surgery Unit, Euromedica Kyanous Stavros, Thessaloniki, Greece;
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Thoracic and Endocrine Surgery Division, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland;
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Endocrine Surgery Unit, Verona University Hospital, Verona, Italy;
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General Surgery Unit, Prato Hospital “Santo Stefano”, Prato, Italy.
All participating centres used the same dedicated Microsoft Office Excel database (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA) for data collection.
Patients submitted to total thyroidectomy, hemithyroidectomy, and completion thyroidectomy, with or without neck dissection or simultaneous parathyroidectomy, were included in this analysis.
Exclusion criteria were: age <18 years, patients with coagulation disorders (involving platelets and/or coagulation factors), remote surgical approaches (transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach and robot-assisted transaxillary thyroidectomy), and incomplete data.
Based on the occurrence of cervical haematoma, two groups were identified: Cervical Haematoma (CH) Group and No Cervical Haematoma (NoCH) Group.
Demographic and preoperative data, details about the operation, postoperative stay, histological diagnosis, and the other early complications of thyroid surgery were assessed.
Endpoints
The primary endpoint was to identify the risk factors for the occurrence of postoperative cervical haematoma.
As secondary endpoints, the incidence of cervical haematoma, the rate of readmission for this complication, the timing of onset of haematomas requiring surgical revision of haemostasis, and the occurrence of the other early complications of thyroidectomy (recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, postoperative hypoparathyroidism, and wound infection) were evaluated.
Preoperative features and management of antithrombotic drugs
Hyperthyroidism status was defined in the case of low serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (<0.4 mIU/L) and use of thyrostatic drugs.
Retrosternal goiter was defined as a thyroid in which any part of the gland extended below the thoracic inlet with the patient in the surgical position.
Antiplatelet drugs, depending on the patient's thrombotic risk, the preference of the operating surgeon and the practice of the center, were continued during the perioperative period or discontinued 7–10 days before surgery. In patients taking dual antiplatelet therapy, acetylsalicylic acid was continued during the perioperative period while P2Y12 receptor inhibitors (such as clopidogrel, ticlopidine, ticagrelor or prasugrel) were discontinued 5–7 days before surgery. These patients were considered among those who did not discontinue the antiplatelet drug.
Vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) were discontinued approximately 5 days before surgery and replaced with therapeutic-dose low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) during the perioperative period.
Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) were discontinued 48–72 h before surgery and reintroduced approximately 48 h after the operation, without using bridging anticoagulation.
Surgical procedure
Thyroidectomies were performed by conventional open or minimally invasive video-assisted approach.
Parathyroid glands and recurrent laryngeal nerves were systematically searched and identified.
Energy-based devices (working by means of ultrasonic, advanced bipolar or hybrid energy), intermittent or continuous intraoperative nerve monitoring (IONM), and topical haemostatic agents were used according to the preference of the operating surgeon or depending on their availability.
Drain placement was at the surgeon's discretion.
The duration of surgery was estimated, in minutes, from skin incision to skin closure.
Assessment of complications
Postoperative cervical haematomas were distinguished according to whether or not surgical revision of haemostasis was necessary. The timing of onset of cervical haematomas requiring surgical revision of haemostasis was assessed, in hours, from the end of surgery to the diagnosis of the complication. In this regard, three periods were identified: within six hours after the end of the operation, between 7 and 24 h and after 24 h.
Serum calcium and iPTH levels were assessed pre and postoperatively. Postoperative hypoparathyroidism was defined as iPTH < 10 pg/ml after surgery (normal range = 10–65 pg/ml).
Preoperative fibrolaryngoscopy was always performed to assess vocal fold mobility. Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury was diagnosed through postoperative fibrolaryngoscopy. After the operation, fibrolaryngoscopy was performed in all patients with suspected recurrent laryngeal nerve injury for loss of signal at IONM or hoarseness.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analyses were performed with MedCalc® version 22.009.
Univariate analysis was performed to compare the two groups. Fisher exact test or Chi-squared test were utilized, as appropriate, for categorical variables. The presence of a normal distribution of continuous variables was assessed using the D'Agostino-Pearson test. Based on the results of the latter test, Mann-Whitney U test was employed for continuous variables, which were expressed as median and interquartile range (IQR).
Employing multivariate analysis (using the “Enter” method), all potential independent risk factors for postoperative cervical haematoma were assessed.
P values were considered statistically significant if <0.05.
Results
Based on the inclusion criteria, 8,839 patients were enrolled: 8,561 were included in NoCH Group and 278 in CH Group.
Surgical revision of haemostasis was performed in 70 (25.18%) patients, while in the other 208 (74.82%) cases cervical haematoma was managed conservatively.
The overall incidence of this complication was 3.15%. In particular, for cervical haematomas requiring surgical revision of haemostasis the incidence was 0.79%, while for those managed conservatively 2.35%.
The timing of onset of cervical haematomas requiring surgical revision of haemostasis was: within six hours after the end of the operation in 52 (74.28%) patients, between 7 and 24 hours in 16 (22.86%), and after 24 h in 2 (2.86%) (Figure 1).
Figure 1
Readmission for this complication was necessary in 3 (1.08%) cases. In one of these patients it was necessary to perform a surgical revision of the haemostasis, while in the other 2 the management was conservative.
Demographic data, preoperative features and histopathological diagnosis
Statistically significant differences between the two groups were found in terms of sex, age, BMI, and high blood pressure. The other variables (hyperthyroidism, use of antithrombotic drugs, retrosternal goiter, and histological diagnosis) were comparable.
Detailed results are shown in Table 1.
Table 1
| Total (n = 8,839) | NoCH group (n = 8,561) | CH group (n = 278) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 2,300 (26.02%) | 2,191 (25.59%) | 109 (39.21%) | <0.001 |
| Female | 6,539 (73.98%) | 6,370 (74.41%) | 169 (60.79%) | |
| Age (years, median and IQR) | 52 (41–62) | 52 (41–62) | 57 (46–66) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2, median and IQR) | 25 (22.66–29) | 25 (22.60–28.82) | 26 (24–30) | <0.001 |
| High blood pressure | 2,293 (25.94%) | 2,183 (25.50%) | 110 (39.57%) | <0.001 |
| Hyperthyroidism | 1,583 (17.91%) | 1,531 (17.88%) | 52 (18.71%) | 0.725 |
| Use of antiplatelets | ||||
| No | 8,306 (93.97%) | 8,054 (94.08%) | 252 (90.64%) | 0.060 |
| Yes, discontinued | 320 (3.62%) | 304 (3.55%) | 16 (5.76%) | |
| Yes, not discontinued | 213 (2.41%) | 203 (2.37%) | 10 (3.60%) | |
| Use of VKAs | ||||
| No | 8,821 (99.80%) | 8,543 (99.79%) | 278 (100%) | 1.000 |
| Yes | 18 (0.20%) | 18 (0.21%) | 0 | |
| Use of DOACs | ||||
| No | 8,684 (98.25%) | 8,415 (98.29%) | 269 (96.76%) | 0.062 |
| Si | 155 (1.75%) | 146 (1.71%) | 9 (3.24%) | |
| Retrosternal goiter | 442 (5.0%) | 432 (5.05%) | 10 (3.60%) | 0.275 |
| Histological diagnosis | ||||
| Graves’ disease | 788 (8.96%) | 761 (8.89%) | 27 (9.71%) | 0.636 |
| Hashimoto's thyroiditis | 2,484 (28.10%) | 2,418 (28.24%) | 66 (23.74%) | 0.100 |
| Malignancy | 4,097 (46.35%) | 3,980 (46.49%) | 117 (42.09%) | 0.147 |
Demographic data, preoperative features, and histological diagnosis.
IQR, interquartile range; BMI, body mass index; VKAs, vitamin K antagonists; DOACs, direct oral anticoagulants.
Statistically significant values are indicated in bold.
Information about the surgical procedure and postoperative stay
Statistically significant differences between the two groups were found in terms of lateral neck dissection, volume of surgeons, use of IONM, haemostasis technique, drain placement, operative time, and postoperative stay. The other variables (type of thyroidectomy, central neck dissection, parathyroidectomy, MIVAT, and topical haemostatic agents) were comparable.
Detailed results are reported in Table 2.
Table 2
| Total (n = 8,839) | NoCH group (n = 8,561) | CH group (n = 278) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type of thyroidectomy | ||||
| TT | 6,937 (78.48%) | 6,708 (78.36%) | 229 (82.37%) | 0.206 |
| HT | 1,666 (18.85%) | 1,625 (18.98%) | 41 (14.75%) | |
| CT | 236 (2.67%) | 228 (2.66%) | 8 (2.88%) | |
| Central neck dissection | ||||
| No | 7,845 (88.75%) | 7,599 (88.76%) | 246 (88.49%) | 0.578 |
| Unilateral | 158 (1.79%) | 155 (1.81%) | 3 (1.08%) | |
| Bilateral | 836 (9.46%) | 807 (9.43%) | 29 (10.43%) | |
| Lateral neck dissection | ||||
| No | 8,444 (95.53%) | 8,188 (95.64%) | 256 (92.09%) | 0.016 |
| Unilateral | 348 (3.94%) | 328 (3.83%) | 20 (7.19%) | |
| Bilateral | 47 (0.53%) | 45 (0.53%) | 2 (0.72%) | |
| Parathyroidectomy | 160 (1.81%) | 156 (1.82%) | 4 (1.44%) | 0.637 |
| MIVAT | 72 (0.81%) | 70 (0.82%) | 2 (0.72%) | 1.000 |
| Volume of surgeonsa | ||||
| >50 | 7,902 (89.40%) | 7,638 (89.22%) | 264 (94.96%) | 0.004 |
| 25–50 | 174 (1.97%) | 174 (2.03%) | 0 | |
| <25 | 763 (8.63%) | 749 (8.75%) | 14 (5.04%) | |
| Use of IONM | ||||
| No | 5,650 (63.92%) | 5,406 (63.15%) | 244 (87.77%) | <0.001 |
| Intermittent IONM | 2,850 (32.24%) | 2,817 (32.90%) | 33 (11.87%) | |
| Continuous IONM | 339 (3.84%) | 338 (3.95%) | 1 (0.36%) | |
| Haemostasis technique | ||||
| Advanced bipolar EBD | 4,773 (54.0%) | 4,620 (53.96%) | 153 (55.04%) | <0.001 |
| Ultrasonic EBD | 1,502 (17.0%) | 1,474 (17.22%) | 28 (10.07%) | |
| Hybrid EBD | 262 (2.96%) | 261 (3.05%) | 1 (0.36%) | |
| Conventional | 2,302 (26.04%) | 2,206 (25.77%) | 96 (34.53%) | |
| Use of haemostatic agents | 2,645 (29.92%) | 2,571 (30.03%) | 74 (26.62%) | 0.221 |
| Drain placement | 6,856 (77.57%) | 6,606 (77.16%) | 250 (89.93%) | <0.001 |
| Operative time (minutes, median and IQR) | 60 (45–90) | 60 (45–90) | 55 (45–75) | <0.001 |
| Postoperative stay (days, median and IQR) | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 2 (1–3) | <0.001 |
Details about the operation and postoperative stay.
TT, total thyroidectomy; HT, hemithyroidectomy; CT, completion thyroidectomy; MIVAT, minimally invasive video-assisted thyroidectomy; IONM, intraoperative nerve monitoring; EBD, energy-based device; IQR, interquartile range.
Thyroidectomies per year.
Statistically significant values are indicated in bold.
Other early complications
The rate of postoperative hypoparathyroidism (12.28% in NoCH Group vs. 6.83% in CH Group, P = 0.006) was significantly inferior in CH Group than in NoCH Group, while unilateral RLN lesions (2.94% in NoCH Group vs. 5.04% in CH Group, P = 0.045) were significantly greater in CH Group than in NoCH Group.
No statistically significant difference was found in terms of bilateral RLN injury and wound infection.
Detailed results are shown in Table 3.
Table 3
| Total (n = 8,839) | NoCH group (n = 8,561) | CH group (n = 278) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Postoperative hypoparathyroidism | 1,070 (12.11%) | 1,051 (12.28%) | 19 (6.83%) | 0.006 |
| RLN injury | ||||
| Unilateral | 266 (3.01%) | 252 (2.94%) | 14 (5.04%) | 0.045 |
| Bilateral | 14 (0.16%) | 12 (0.14%) | 2 (0.72%) | 0.070 |
| Wound infection | 22 (0.25%) | 20 (0.23%) | 2 (0.72%) | 0.151 |
Other early complications.
RLN, recurrent laryngeal nerve.
Statistically significant values are indicated in bold.
Multivariate analysis
In this analysis, male sex (P < 0.001), older age (P < 0.001), higher BMI (P = 0.021), unilateral lateral neck dissection (P < 0.001), drain placement (P = 0.007), and shorter operative times (P < 0.001) were found to be independent risk factors for the onset of postoperative cervical haematoma.
Differently, the use of EBD working by means of hybrid energy (P = 0.025) was found to be protective for the development of this complication.
Detailed results are reported in Table 4.
Table 4
| Regression coefficient | Odds ratio | 95% CI | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male sex | 0.609 | 1.839 | 1.415–2.390 | <0.001 |
| Age | 0.018 | 1.018 | 1.007–1.028 | <0.001 |
| BMI | 0.027 | 1.028 | 1.004–1.052 | 0.021 |
| High blood pressure | 0.270 | 1.310 | 0.980–1.750 | 0.068 |
| Hyperthyroidism | −0.014 | 0.986 | 0.636–1.529 | 0.949 |
| Use of antiplatelets | ||||
| No | 1.000 | 1.000 | Reference | |
| Yes, discontinued | 0.112 | 1.119 | 0.650–1.926 | 0.686 |
| Yes, not discontinued | −0.051 | 0.951 | 0.486–1.861 | 0.883 |
| Use of VKAs | −20.456 | <0.001 | 0.999 | |
| Use of DOACs | 0.205 | 1.228 | 0.596–2.531 | 0.578 |
| Retrosternal goiter | −0.312 | 0.732 | 0.377–1.421 | 0.357 |
| Type of thyroidectomy | ||||
| TT | 1.000 | 1.000 | Reference | |
| HT | −0.277 | 0.758 | 0.522–1.100 | 0.145 |
| CT | 0.102 | 1.108 | 0.529–2.319 | 0.786 |
| Central neck dissection | ||||
| No | 1.000 | 1.000 | Reference | |
| Unilateral | 0.246 | 1.278 | 0.389–4.205 | 0.686 |
| Bilateral | 0.036 | 1.037 | 0.606–1.773 | 0.895 |
| Lateral neck dissection | ||||
| No | 1.000 | 1.000 | Reference | |
| Unilateral | 1.239 | 3.451 | 1.860–6.403 | <0.001 |
| Bilateral | 1.211 | 3.358 | 0.715–15.766 | 0.125 |
| Parathyroidectomy | −0.004 | 0.996 | 0.361–2.749 | 0.994 |
| MIVAT | 0.997 | 2.710 | 0.605–12.128 | 0.192 |
| Volume of surgeonsa | ||||
| >50 | 1.000 | 1.000 | Reference | |
| 25–50 | −20.277 | <0.001 | 0.998 | |
| <25 | 0.237 | 1.267 | 0.646–2.484 | 0.491 |
| Haemostasis technique | ||||
| Advanced bipolar EBD | 1.000 | 1.000 | Reference | |
| Ultrasonic EBD | 0.021 | 1.021 | 0.643–1.621 | 0.929 |
| Hybrid EBD | −2.257 | 0.105 | 0.015–0.754 | 0.025 |
| Conventional | 0.235 | 1.264 | 0.953–1.678 | 0.104 |
| Use of haemostatic agents | 0.131 | 1.140 | 0.835–1.554 | 0.410 |
| No drain placement | −0.719 | 0.487 | 0.289–0.823 | 0.007 |
| Operative time | −0.011 | 0.990 | 0.985–0.994 | <0.001 |
| Graves’ disease | 0.322 | 1.380 | 0.774–2.459 | 0.275 |
| Hashimoto's thyroiditis | −0.064 | 0.938 | 0.698–1.262 | 0.673 |
| Malignancy | −0.234 | 0.791 | 0.601–1.042 | 0.096 |
Multivariate analysis of risk factors for postoperative cervical haematoma.
BMI, body mass index; VKAs, vitamin K antagonists; DOACs, direct oral anticoagulants; TT, total thyroidectomy; HT, hemithyroidectomy; CT, completion thyroidectomy; MIVAT, minimally invasive video-assisted thyroidectomy; EBD, energy-based device.
Thyroidectomies per year.
Statistically significant values are indicated in bold.
Discussion
To date, several risk factors for the development of postoperative cervical haematoma have been reported in the literature: older age, male gender, higher body mass index, high blood pressure, postoperative coughing and vomiting, active smoking, use of antithrombotic drugs (antiplatelet agents and/or anticoagulants), previous thyroid surgery, extent of surgery (bilateral thyroidectomy, neck dissection), low surgeon experience, low-volume hospitals, use of topical haemostatic agents, drain placement, retrosternal goiter, large thyroid gland, thyroid malignancy, Graves’ disease, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (–).
The main aim of this study was to identify the risk factors for the occurrence of postoperative cervical haematoma. Moreover, as secondary endpoints, the incidence of cervical haematoma, the rate of readmission for this complication, the timing of onset of haematomas requiring surgical revision of haemostasis, and the occurrence of the other early complications of thyroidectomy (recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, postoperative hypoparathyroidism and wound infection) were assessed.
Our overall incidence of postoperative cervical haematoma was 3.15%, while rates of cervical haematomas requiring surgical revision of haemostasis and those managed conservatively were 0.79% and 2.35%, respectively. In most cases (74.82%), it was possible to manage this complication conservatively. The timing of onset of cervical haematomas requiring surgical revision of haemostasis was within six hours after the end of the operation in 74.28% of patients, and the rate of readmission was 1.08%.
Our findings regarding the incidence rates of this complication and the timing of onset of cervical haematomas requiring surgical revision of haemostasis are in accordance with those reported by other authors. With regard to the percentage of cervical haematomas managed conservatively, it is not possible to make an adequate comparison with other studies, as the vast majority of these only consider cervical haematomas requiring surgical revision of haemostasis. Our readmission rate is also not adequately comparable, as data in the literature are very lacking (–).
Regarding our primary endpoint, our study identified male sex, older age, higher BMI, unilateral lateral neck dissection, drain placement, and shorter operative times as independent risk factors for postoperative cervical haematoma. Differently, concerning haemostasis techniques, the use of energy-based devices working by means of hybrid energy was found to be protective for the development of this complication.
Drain placement, in our opinion and according to other authors (), rather than a factor causing the cervical haematoma, probably reflects the surgeon's increased concern about the development of this complication due to bleeding during surgery.
To our knowledge, our findings regarding operative times and the use of energy-based devices working by means of hybrid energy have not been described in other studies (–).
With regard to our result relating to operative times, we hypothesised that it might be due to the fact that adequate time was probably not devoted to the final control of haemostasis.
About our result regarding the use of energy-based devices working by means of hybrid energy, in our opinion, it is probably due to the fact that this type of devices integrates two different forms of energy, thus achieving better haemostasis (, , ).
As regards the occurrence of the other early complications of thyroidectomy, which was one of our secondary endpoints, no statistically significant difference was found in terms of bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve injury and wound infection. Differently, in patients who developed cervical haematoma, the rate of postoperative hypoparathyroidism was significantly inferior (12.28% vs. 6.83%), while unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve lesions (2.94% vs. 5.04%) were significantly greater.
In the literature, in the study by Burkey et al. (), the overall occurrence of additional complications was significantly greater in patients who developed cervical haematoma. However, the frequency of individual complications was comparable. In the study by de Carvalho et al. (), significantly greater rates of transient hypocalcemia, permanent hypoparathyroidism, and permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve injury were found in patients who developed cervical hematoma, while rates of wound infection and transient recurrent laryngeal nerve injury were comparable. With regard to these two studies, it is important to specify that only cervical haematomas requiring surgical revision haemostasis were included, while those managed conservatively were not considered.
Our result relating to postoperative hypoparathyroidism was quite unexpected and, to our knowledge, has not been described by other authors. In our opinion, it could be explained by the fact that a less aggressive haemostasis, which caused the occurrence of cervical haematoma, at the same time favored the preservation of the vascularisation and thus of the functionality of the parathyroid glands. Concerning unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve lesions, they were probably due to challenging haemostasis during thyroidectomy or damage during surgical revision of haemostasis, which are both situations that hinder an adequate vision of anatomical structures. Regarding this result it is important to point out that it may have been influenced by the fact that the use of intraoperative nerve monitoring, which especially in difficult cases can help the surgeon to preserve the recurrent laryngeal nerve (), was significantly inferior in patients who developed postoperative cervical haematoma.
This study has some limitations due to the retrospective nature of our analysis. Firstly, it was not possible to analyse all risk factors reported in previous studies. The second limitation regards cervical haematomas managed conservatively. Their incidence is very likely underestimated and, moreover, it was not possible to evaluate the timing of their onset, as this information was available only for a very limited number of these cases. Finally, as regards the result concerning unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve lesions in patients requiring surgical revision of haemostasis, it was not possible to specify whether this complication occurred as a result of the first or second surgical procedure.
Conclusion
Postoperative cervical haematoma is an uncommon but potentially life-threatening complication of thyroidectomy.
Our study identified male sex, older age, higher BMI, unilateral lateral neck dissection, drain placement, and shorter operative times as independent risk factors for the onset of this complication. Differently, the use of energy-based devices working by means of hybrid energy was found to be protective for its development.
Based on our findings, we believe that patients with these risk factors should be closely monitored in the postoperative period, particularly during the first six hours after the operation, and excluded from outpatient surgery.
Considering the limitations of our analysis and the different results obtained by other authors, further prospective studies with large populations are needed to better investigate this topic.
Statements
Data availability statement
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the corresponding author, without undue reservation.
Ethics statement
The studies involving humans were approved by Independent Ethics Committees of the A.O.U. Cagliari (promoting center) and the other participating centers. The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. The participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.
Author contributions
GLC: Conceptualization, Writing – original draft. FM: Conceptualization, Writing – original draft. FC: Data curation, Writing – original draft. LR: Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft. BG: Data curation, Writing – original draft. LS: Data curation, Writing – original draft. FP: Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft. RD: Data curation, Writing – original draft. MM: Formal Analysis, Writing – original draft. GK: Data curation, Writing – original draft. IP: Formal Analysis, Writing – original draft. GDF: Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft. GL: Data curation, Writing – original draft. CV: Data curation, Writing – original draft. MI: Formal Analysis, Writing – original draft. FB: Formal Analysis, Writing – original draft. PB: Supervision, Writing – review & editing. FF: Supervision, Writing – review & editing. MSD: Supervision, Writing – review & editing. TP: Supervision, Writing – review & editing. GM: Supervision, Writing – review & editing. MR: Supervision, Writing – review & editing. PGC: Supervision, Writing – review & editing.
Funding
The authors declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union – NextGenerationEU through the Italian Ministry of University and Research under PNRR—M4C2-I1.3 Project PE_00000019 “HEAL ITALIA” to Fabio Medas CUP F53C22000750006 University of Cagliari. The views and opinions expressed are those of the authors only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Commission. Neither the European Union nor the European Commission can be held responsible for them.
Acknowledgments
We thank the REDHOT Study Collaborative Group for their efforts in collecting data. REDHOT Study Collaborative Group: Giacomo Anedda, Cristina Soddu, Francesco Casti, Miriam Biancu, Silvia Puddu, Selina Russo, Andrea De Palma, Francesco Pignatelli, Elisa Loguercio, Livia Palmieri, Giulia Salvi, Priscilla Francesca Procopio, Eleonora Morelli, Dorin Serbusca, Alessio Biagio Filippo Giordano, Giulia Fiorenza, Sophie Leboulleux, Nathalie Massé.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
The authors declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision.
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Summary
Keywords
thyroidectomy, thyroid surgery, cervical haematoma, bleeding, risk factors, complications
Citation
Canu GL, Medas F, Cappellacci F, Rossi L, Gjeloshi B, Sessa L, Pennestrì F, Djafarrian R, Mavromati M, Kotsovolis G, Pliakos I, Di Filippo G, Lazzari G, Vaccaro C, Izzo M, Boi F, Brazzarola P, Feroci F, Demarchi MS, Papavramidis T, Materazzi G, Raffaelli M, Calò PG and REDHOT Study Collaborative Group (2023) Risk factors for postoperative cervical haematoma in patients undergoing thyroidectomy: a retrospective, multicenter, international analysis (REDHOT study). Front. Surg. 10:1278696. doi: 10.3389/fsurg.2023.1278696
Received
16 August 2023
Accepted
15 September 2023
Published
02 October 2023
Volume
10 - 2023
Edited by
Lukas Anschuetz, Insel Gruppe AG, Switzerland
Reviewed by
Nicola Tartaglia, University of Foggia, Italy Mehmet Uludag, Şişli Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Türkiye
Updates
Copyright
© 2023 Canu, Medas, Cappellacci, Rossi, Gjeloshi, Sessa, Pennestrì, Djafarrian, Mavromati, Kotsovolis, Pliakos, Di Filippo, Lazzari, Vaccaro, Izzo, Boi, Brazzarola, Feroci, Demarchi, Papavramidis, Materazzi, Raffaelli, Calò and REDHOT Study Collaborative Group.
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*Correspondence: Gian Luigi Canu gianl.canu@unica.it
Disclaimer
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