Abstract
Aims:
We aimed to explore the associations of the early PVR in four cortices with Healing Index (HI), Lengthening Index (LI), and External Fixator Index (EFI) in the bone union and non-union groups.
Methods:
A total of 52 patients, including 39 bone union and 13 bone non-union subjects, were recruited in this study. The general characteristics and PVR in four cortices in each group were explored. Afterward, the early PVR in four cortices, including medial, lateral, anterior, and posterior sides, were compared. Finally, the associations of the early PVR in four cortices with HI, LI, and EFI were also investigated.
Results:
The general characteristics of these patients were consistent, except for HI (31.54 ± 12.24 vs. 45.08 ± 27.10, P = 0.018) and EFI (57.63 ± 18.15 vs. 71.29 ± 24.60, P = 0.046). The growth of regenerated callus was asymmetrical in the bone union group (the posterior PVR seems to grow faster), whereas no statistical difference was obtained in the bone non-union group. Furthermore, the posterior PVR in the bone union group was significantly higher than that in the bone non-union group (the first month: 0.96 ± 0.17 vs. 0.86 ± 0.06, p = 0.047; the second month: 0.98 ± 0.14 vs. 0.89 ± 0.09, p = 0.041; the third month: 1.00 ± 0.12 vs. 0.92 ± 0.09, p = 0.039). Most importantly, the posterior PVR was inversely associated with HI, LI, and EFI (the first month: r = −0.343, p = 0.041; r = −0.346, p = 0.042; r = −0.352, p = 0.041; the second month: r = −0.459, p = 0.004; r = −0.277, p = 0.101; r = −0.511, p = 0.002; the third month: r = −0.479, p = 0.003; r = −0.398, p = 0.018; r = −0.551, p = 0.001) in the bone union group, respectively. However, this finding was lost in the bone non-union group.
Conclusion:
The early posterior cortex PVR seems to grow faster than the medial, lateral, and anterior sides in the bone union group, which represents an asymmetrical development pattern. Moreover, the posterior cortex PVR was negatively associated with HI, LI, and EFI, respectively. The posterior cortex PVR may be a novel and reliable detection index in the process of DO.
1. Introduction
Distraction osteogenesis (DO) is a method that promotes bone tissue regeneration and growth by continuous and slow traction for bone lengthening (extending peripheral nerves, blood vessels, muscles, and skin) (, ). Osteotomy is performed on the bone that needs to be lengthened initially. After a short latency period, a distractor is utilized to distract the bone at an appropriate speed/frequency to spontaneously promote bone regeneration in the distraction gap. This period is referred to as the distraction period. Next, a long period of consolidation is needed to achieve new bone mineralization and remodeling (). The llizarov technique used in DO dates back to 1951 and is widely utilized nowadays to treat bone defects, limb unequal lengths, and deformities (, ). However, DO requires regular monitoring of callus growth due to the long treatment time, possible skin scar, psychological and life burden, pain syndrome, joint stiffness, pin tract infection, and bone non-union (). Among them, bone non-union is a serious clinical issue, which prolongs the treatment course and increases the difficulty in bone extension (). Paley et al. have found that both technical factors (traumatic corticotomy, instability, and rapid traction) and patient factors (infection, malnutrition, and metabolism) may contribute to the DO-related non-union (). However, the current effective prediction methods of bone non-union are quite limited. Several methods were used to monitor DO, such as quantitative computed tomography (QCT), dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), standard radiography (x-ray), ultrasound, biomechanical evaluation, and biochemical marker. Among them, x-ray is the most convenient and affordable approach (, ). Additionally, the pixel value ratio (PVR) can be measured by digital x-rays, which have been shown to correlate well with bone mineral density (BMD) of regenerated bone. Therefore, PVR is a quantitative indicator of mineralization in DO healing (, ). As far as we know, the major previous studies are related to the later stage for the timing of removing the external fixator (–), and less attention is paid to the early PVR. Our recent studies found the associations of early PVR with healing index, (HI: the time to complete consolidation (days) divided by the length obtained (cm)), lengthening index (LI: the number of months required to achieve 1 cm lengthening), and external fixator index (EFI: dividing the using period of external fixator (days) by the distracted length of the bone (cm)) (). However, E. Vulcano et al. showed the uneven PVR in four cortices of the callus during the late weight-bearing period of intramedullary extension (lateral: 0.84, medial: 0.89, anterior: 0.92, posterior: 0.98). It is not clear whether this condition exists in the early stage of DO and which cortex is related to HI, LI, and EFI (). Furthermore, our other previous study found that the PVR growth pattern in bone union differed from that in bone non-union (). Therefore, the intention of this study was to compare the early measurements of the PVR in two cohorts of patients: those who had uncomplicated bone lengthening and those who developed failure of the regenerate bone to form properly. This study aims to: (1) compare the early PVR in four cortices of the bone union and non-union groups; (2) clarify the different growth patterns of early PVR in four cortices in bone union and non-union groups; (3) identify the associations of early PVR in four cortices with HI, LI, and EFI, respectively.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Study design and patients
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Xiangya Hospital of Central South University. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data and images of patients who underwent bone lengthening surgery at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University from January 2010 to April 2023. The inclusion criteria were: (1) The lower extremities were lengthened using the Ilizarov method; (2) Patients with bone union and non-union during DO. The diagnostic standards of bone union and bone non-union: bone union indicated the ones where the external fixator was removed successfully, whereas bone non-union represented the ones where bridging callus did not appear even after 9 months (an absence of bridging callus for at least three out of four cortices on plain radiographs) that needs autogenous bone transplantation (–). (3) The patients who had primary surgery. The exclusion criteria were: (1) The patients who could not complete the full course of bone lengthening therapy; (2) The patients who suffered from bone diseases that affected bone healing (e.g., osteomyelitis); (3) The patients who were lost to follow-up.
2.2. Surgical methods
The surgery involved in this study was performed by senior surgeons in Xiangya Hospital of Central South University. A tibial or femoral osteotomy was performed and a ring or unilateral external fixation fixator was then placed. The bone lengthening was initiated 1 week after the operation (the extension rate is 0.75 mm/day for adults and 1 mm/day for adolescents), and the growth of callus was monitored monthly (detailed distraction osteogenesis parameters are shown in Table 1). The standard for removing external fixtures was listed as follows: (1) At least three of the four cortices of the extension are fully developed according to anteroposterior and lateral x-ray photographs; (2) The fixation time generally conforms to the average stretch index (1 month of consolidation time is required for every 1 cm of extended callus); (3) There is no abnormal feeling of complete load-bearing after loosening the nut (, ).
Table 1
| Bone union | Bone non-union | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Distraction rate (mm/day) | 0.75 | 0.75 | |
| Distraction rhythm (times/day) | 3 | 3 | |
| Distraction length (cm) | 5.61 ± 3.32 | 7.73 ± 3.97 | P = 0.066 |
| Distraction time (day) | 275.17 ± 146.83 | 529.42 ± 350.68 | P = 0.001 |
The basic distraction osteogenesis parameters between bone union and non-union.
The bold values indicate the statistical significant P value (<0.05).
2.3. Pixel value ratio measurement based on x-ray
The Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) of Xiangya Hospital of Central South University was utilized to measure x-rays of recruited patients, including anterior callus, posterior callus, medial callus, lateral callus, proximal bone, and distal bone (Figure 1). All data were tested by the same technician/equipment and evaluated by two senior orthopedic surgeons independently. The individual data with different opinions were recalled and fully discussed. In the measurement process, the interference of the metal frame was carefully avoided to ensure the accuracy of the data analysis. The higher PVR indicated that the callus was closer to a normal bone, whereas the lower PVR represented the immature regenerated callus (). The formula is as follows (, ):
Figure 1
2.4. The general characteristics of patients and the PVR in four cortices analyses, and their associations with the healing index, lengthening index, and external fixator index
A total of 52 patients were recruited in this study (including 39 bone union and 13 bone non-union subjects). The general characteristics of the patients including sex, age, body mass index (BMI), osteotomy location, external fixator type, healing index (HI), lengthening index (LI), and external fixator index (EFI) were collected and analyzed. Based on the anteroposterior and lateral x-rays, the callus was divided into four sides: anterior, posterior, medial, and lateral. The PVR in four cortices of the callus was collected months after osteotomy, which were further analyzed and compared. Moreover, the anterior, posterior, medial, and lateral cortical PVRs of the bone union and non-union were also analyzed and compared. HI was calculated by dividing the time of tricortical formation (days) by the length of extension (centimeters) (). LI referred to the time it took to extend one centimeter in months (). EFI was the time spent wearing the external fixation frame (days) divided by the extension length (cm) (). All three indices were valid indicators, which reflected the final clinical outcome of DO well. The associations of early PVR in four cortices with the HI, LI, and EFI were investigated in our study.
2.5. Statistical analysis
All analyses were performed using SPSS version 26.0 software. The differences in general characteristics between the bone union and non-union groups were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance. The analysis of variance was used to analyze the differences in four cortices PVR within the bone union and non-union groups. The correlation between PVR in four cortices of callus and HI/LI/EFI in bone union and non-union groups was performed by Pearson correlation analysis. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
3. Results
3.1. The general characteristics of the included subjects
The general characteristics of the patients are shown in Table 2. Most of the basic characteristics of the bone union and bone non-union groups were similar, except for two indices (HI: 31.54 ± 12.24 vs. 45.08 ± 27.10, P = 0.018; EFI: 57.63 ± 18.15 vs. 71.29 ± 24.60, P = 0.046).
Table 2
| Bone union | Bone non-union | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | Man | 51.3% | 46.2% | P = 0.173 |
| Woman | 48.7% | 53.8% | ||
| Age (years) | 27.56 ± 12.78 | 28 ± 12.53 | P = 0.914 | |
| BMI | 22.02 ± 4.76 | 20.75 ± 4.63 | P = 0.460 | |
| HI | 31.54 ± 12.24 | 45.08 ± 27.10 | P = 0.018 | |
| LI | 0.77 ± 0.43 | 0.78 ± 0.26 | P = 0.956 | |
| EFI | 57.63 ± 18.15 | 71.29 ± 24.60 | P = 0.046 | |
| External fixation type | Unilateral | 23.1% | 38.5% | P = 0.269 |
| Ring | 76.9% | 61.5% | ||
| Site of osteotomy | Tibia | 64.1% | 30.8% | P = 0.203 |
| Femur | 35.9% | 69.2% | ||
The basic information between bone union and non-union.
The bold values indicate the statistical significant P value (<0.05).
3.2. The asymmetric growth of early callus PVR in bone union
The growth of early callus PVR in bone union was asymmetrical. The anterior, posterior, medial, and lateral PVR of the first, second, and third months were (0.80 ± 0.18, 0.96 ± 0.17, 0.88 ± 0.16, 0.89 ± 0.15, and P = 0), (0.82 ± 0.17, 0.98 ± 0.14, 0.90 ± 0.16, 0.90 ± 0.17, and P = 0.01), (0.85 ± 0.13, 1.00 ± 0.12, 0.92 ± 0.12, 0.95 ± 0.17, and P = 0), respectively. However, no significant statistical differences were obtained in the non-union group (Table 3).
Table 3
| Group | PVR | The first month | The second month | The third month | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bone union | Anterior cortex | 0.80 ± 0.18 | P < 0.0001 | 0.82 ± 0.17 | P < 0.0001 | 0.85 ± 0.13 | P < 0.0001 |
| Posterior cortex | 0.96 ± 0.17 | 0.98 ± 0.14 | 1.00 ± 0.12 | ||||
| Medial cortex | 0.88 ± 0.16 | 0.90 ± 0.16 | 0.92 ± 0.12 | ||||
| Lateral cortex | 0.89 ± 0.15 | 0.90 ± 0.17 | 0.95 ± 0.17 | ||||
| Bone non-union | Anterior cortex | 0.78 ± 0.09 | P = 0.172 | 0.81 ± 0.09 | P = 0.085 | 0.81 ± 0.08 | P = 0.02 |
| Posterior cortex | 0.86 ± 0.06 | 0.89 ± 0.09 | 0.92 ± 0.09 | ||||
| Medial cortex | 0.83 ± 0.11 | 0.87 ± 0.09 | 0.90 ± 0.07 | ||||
| Lateral cortex | 0.85 ± 0.12 | 0.88 ± 0.08 | 0.91 ± 0.05 | ||||
The PVR in four cortices in the first three months after osteotomy.
The bold values indicate the statistical significant P value (<0.05).
3.3. The early posterior PVR in bone union was significantly higher than that in bone non-union
The early posterior PVR in bone union was significantly higher than that in bone non-union: 0.96 ± 0.17 vs. 0.86 ± 0.06, p = 0.047 (first month); 0.98 ± 0.14 vs. 0.89 ± 0.09, p = 0.041 (second month); 1.00 ± 0.12 vs. 0.92 ± 0.09, p = 0.039 (third month). However, no significant statistical differences were obtained in anterior, medial, and lateral PVR (Table 4).
Table 4
| Bone union | Bone non-union | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| The first month | Anterior cortex PVR | 0.80 ± 0.18 | 0.78 ± 0.09 | 0.773 |
| Posterior cortex PVR | 0.96 ± 0.17 | 0.86 ± 0.06 | 0.047 | |
| Medial cortex PVR | 0.88 ± 0.16 | 0.83 ± 0.11 | 0.375 | |
| Lateral cortex PVR | 0.89 ± 0.15 | 0.85 ± 0.12 | 0.425 | |
| The second month | Anterior cortex PVR | 0.82 ± 0.17 | 0.81 ± 0.09 | 0.749 |
| Posterior cortex PVR | 0.98 ± 0.14 | 0.89 ± 0.09 | 0.041 | |
| Medial cortex PVR | 0.90 ± 0.16 | 0.87 ± 0.09 | 0.500 | |
| Lateral cortex PVR | 0.90 ± 0.17 | 0.88 ± 0.08 | 0.619 | |
| The third month | Anterior cortex PVR | 0.85 ± 0.13 | 0.81 ± 0.08 | 0.305 |
| Posterior cortex PVR | 1.00 ± 0.12 | 0.92 ± 0.09 | 0.039 | |
| Medial cortex PVR | 0.92 ± 0.12 | 0.90 ± 0.07 | 0.481 | |
| Lateral cortex PVR | 0.95 ± 0.17 | 0.91 ± 0.05 | 0.319 |
The comparison of PVR in four cortices in the first three months for bone union and non-union.
The bold values indicate the statistical significant P value (<0.05).
3.4. Associations of the healing index, lengthening index, and external fixator index with the early pixel value ratio in four cortices of the callus
The early posterior PVR was inversely associated with HI in the bone union group: r = −0.343, p = 0.041 (first month); r = −0.459, p = 0.004 (second month); r = −0.479, p = 0.003 (third month). In addition, the early posterior PVR of the bone union group was inversely associated with LI in the bone union group: r = −0.346, p = 0.042 (first month); r = −0.277, p = 0.101 (second month); r = −0.398, p = 0.018 (third month). With regard to EFI, the early posterior PVR was also inversely associated with EFI in the bone union group: r = −0.352, p = 0.041 (first month); r = −0.511, p = 0.002 (second month); r = −0.551, p = 0.001 (third month). However, interestingly, such a relationship was lost on the other three sides (Table 5). Moreover, the negative associations of posterior PVR with HI, LI, and EFI were not obtained in bone non-union (Table 6).
Table 5
| Bone union | HI | LI | EFI |
|---|---|---|---|
| The first month | |||
| Anterior cortex PVR | r = −0.296, p = 0.080 | r = −0.181, p = 0.297 | r = −0.220, p = 0.212 |
| Posterior cortex PVR | r = −0.343, p = 0.041 | r = −0.346, p = 0.042 | r = −0.352, p = 0.041 |
| Medial cortex PVR | r = −0.099, p = 0.565 | r = −0.345, p = 0.042 | r = −0.032, p = 0.855 |
| Lateral cortex PVR | r = −0.274, p = 0.105 | r = −0.393, p = 0.018 | r = −0.190, p = 0.281 |
| The second month | |||
| Anterior cortex PVR | r = −0.012, p = 0.946 | r = 0.219, p = 0.200 | r = 0.033, p = 0.851 |
| Posterior cortex PVR | r = −0.459, p = 0.004 | r = −0.277, p = 0.101 | r = −0.511, p = 0.002 |
| Medial cortex PVR | r = 0.038, p = 0.826 | r = 0.177, p = 0.302 | r = 0.157, p = 0.367 |
| Lateral cortex PVR | r = 0.101, p = 0.552 | r = 0.209, p = 0.221 | r = 0.261, p = 0.130 |
| The third month | |||
| Anterior cortex PVR | r = 0.094, p = 0.586 | r = 0.223, p = 0.197 | r = 0.077, p = 0.666 |
| Posterior cortex PVR | r = −0.479, p = 0.003 | r = −0.398, p = 0.018 | r = −0.551, p = 0.001 |
| Medial cortex PVR | r = −0.100, p = 0.561 | r = 0.103, p = 0.558 | r = −0.324, p = 0.061 |
| Lateral cortex PVR | r = −0.160, p = 0.350 | r = −0.002, p = 0.989 | r = −0.268, p = 0.126 |
The associations of early PVR in four cortices with the healing index, lengthening index, and external fixator index in bone union.
The bold values indicate the statistical significant P value (<0.05).
Table 6
| Bone non-union | HI | LI | EFI |
|---|---|---|---|
| The first month | |||
| Anterior cortex PVR | r = −0.225, p = 0.461 | r = 0.177, p = 0.563 | r = −0.118, p = 0.716 |
| Posterior cortex PVR | r = 0.120, p = 0.696 | r = 0.524, p = 0.066 | r = 0.097, p = 0.763 |
| Medial cortex PVR | r = −0.127, p = 0.678 | r = 0.166, p = 0.588 | r = 0.046, p = 0.887 |
| Lateral cortex PVR | r = −0.124, p = 0.686 | r = 0.097, p = 0.751 | r = −0.044, p = 0.892 |
| The second month | |||
| Anterior cortex PVR | r = −0.488, p = 0.091 | r = −0.036, p = 0.908 | r = −0.458, p = 0.134 |
| Posterior cortex PVR | r = −0.035, p = 0.910 | r = −0.306, p = 0.309 | r = −0.049, p = 0.879 |
| Medial cortex PVR | r = −0.435, p = 0.138 | r = 0.082, p = 0.791 | r = −0.210, p = 0.512 |
| Lateral cortex PVR | r = −0.335, p = 0.264 | r = 0.049, p = 0.873 | r = −0.152, p = 0.637 |
| The third month | |||
| Anterior cortex PVR | r = 0.048, p = 0.873 | r = −0.235, p = 0.439 | r = 0.396, p = 0.203 |
| Posterior cortex PVR | r = −0.173, p = 0.571 | r = −0.341, p = 0.254 | r = −0.391, p = 0.209 |
| Medial cortex PVR | r = −0.672, p = 0.012 | r = 0.019, p = 0.950 | r = −0.427, p = 0.167 |
| Lateral cortex PVR | r = −0.282, p = 0.351 | r = 0.188, p = 0.540 | r = 0.033, p = 0.918 |
The associations of early PVR in four cortices with the healing index, lengthening index, and external fixator index in bone non-union.
The bold values indicate the statistical significant P value (<0.05).
4. Discussion
Previous studies have investigated the late PVR to consider the timing for external fixator removal. E. Vulcano et al. declared that an overall mean PVR of 0.90 was representative of clinical bone healing (). A. Bafor et al. found that the participants started weight-bearing with no adverse effects when three of four cortices had a PVR of at least 0.93 (). Moreover, L. Zhao et al. concluded that the PVR criteria for partial and full weight-bearing were the two/three cortical PVR close to one, respectively (). Besides, the discovery of three or four consecutive cortices at least 2 mm thick on anteroposterior and lateral radiographs is a common criterion for removing external fixation frames after DO (, ). However, the above evidence was related to the intramedullary lengthening, and the early PVR in four cortices was also ignored. Therefore, this study was employed to address these issues.
Our previous study has shown that the early PVR was moderately negatively associated with HI and LI, which suggests that the early PVR can effectively reflect the clinical outcome of DO (). However, the four cortices were taken as a whole. Considering the different rates of PVR growth in the four cortices, it is not clear which side of PVR matters a lot (, , ). In addition, we also found that the PVR growth pattern between bone union and non-union was quite different (). Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the growth of early PVR in four cortices for the bone union and non-union groups and analyzed their relationship with HI, LI, and EFI, respectively. Our study found that the early posterior cortex PVR in the bone union group grew faster and was negatively associated with HI, LI, and EFI in bone union, rather than in bone non-union. This result is consistent with E. Vulcano et al.'s study (the four cortical PVRs were: lateral 0.84, medial 0.89, anterior 0.92, and posterior 0.98) (). It was speculated that the posterior cortex had less periosteum (necessary for bone tissue growth) and soft tissue destruction during osteotomy. The periosteum has three layers of structure: the superficial fibrous layer, the middle vascular undifferentiated area, and the inner cambium layer, which is adjacent to the outer surface of the bone with decent osteogenic ability (, ). Importantly, the callus formation was significantly impaired (failed bone lengthening) after periosteum removal (30). Furthermore, K. Nakahara et al.'s study proved that the periosteum plays an indispensable indirect role in the process of DO (31). The above evidence seems to support the asymmetric growth pattern of early callus PVR in bone union.
5. Advantages and limitations
The advantages of this study are as follows: (1) this is the first extramedullary extension study to monitor early PVR in four cortices during DO; (2) our study has specified the early posterior cortex PVR as a potential novel reliable indicator for DO. The limitations of our study should also be acknowledged: (1) several issues cannot be addressed due to the nature of the retrospective study design; (2) interference from metal fixtures during PVR measurement may have a slight impact on PVR evaluation; (3) the number of recruited subjects is relatively small, which may inevitably influence our results.
6. Conclusion
The early posterior cortex PVR seems to grow faster than the medial, lateral, and anterior sides in the bone union group, which represents an asymmetrical development pattern. Moreover, the posterior cortex PVR was negatively associated with HI, LI, and EFI, respectively. The posterior cortex PVR may be a novel and reliable detection index in the process of DO. Our results suggest that the early posterior cortex PVR should be noticed in clinical practice, which provides important information for accurate monitoring of callus in subjects with DO. However, due to the small sample size and retrospective design of this study, further large-scale prospective studies are needed to support the issues concerned.
Statements
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.
Ethics statement
The studies involving humans were approved by The Ethics Committee of Xiangya Hospital of Central South University. The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. Written informed consent for participation in this study was provided by the participants’ legal guardians/next of kin.
Author contributions
ZL: Data curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. MW: Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing. QL: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – review & editing. CZ: Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing. HG: Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing. JL: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing. YZ: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal Analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing.
Funding
The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82102581, 82270930), the National Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China (2021M693562), the Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Hunan (2019JJ40517, 2022JJ40843), the Provincial Outstanding Postdoctoral Innovative Talents Program of Hunan (2021RC2020), the Young Investigator Grant of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (2020Q14), the FuQing Postdoc Program of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (176), and Fund of Reform and Practice of Ideological and Political in Xiangya Hospital, Central South University (36, 40).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
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Summary
Keywords
bone union and nonunion, distraction osteogenesis, external fixator, pixel value ratio, bone regeneration index, healing index, lengthening index, external fixator index
Citation
Liu Z, Liu Q, Wang M, Zhou C, Guo H, Liang J and Zhang Y (2023) The early posterior cortex pixel value ratio: a novel reliable indicator for distraction osteogenesis. Front. Surg. 10:1280332. doi: 10.3389/fsurg.2023.1280332
Received
25 August 2023
Accepted
13 October 2023
Published
30 October 2023
Volume
10 - 2023
Edited by
Longpo Zheng, Tongji University, China
Reviewed by
Anirejuoritse Bafor, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, United States Shahrokh Hatefi, Nelson Mandela University, South Africa
Updates
Copyright
© 2023 Liu, Liu, Wang, Zhou, Guo, Liang and Zhang.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Jieyu Liang jamesliang8@aliyun.com Yi Zhang zhangyi0205@csu.edu.cn
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