Editorial: Update on the Diagnosis and Surgical Treatment of Gynecological Tumors

Stefano Cianci^1,2,3*Vito Andrea Capozzi⁴Stefano Restaino⁵

• ¹University of Messina, Messina, Italy
• ²Universita degli Studi di Messina Dipartimento di Patologia Umana dell'Adulto e dell'Eta Evolutiva Gaetano Barresi, Messina, Italy
• ³Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria G Martino di Messina, Messina, Italy
• ⁴Universita degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
• ⁵Universita degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy

Gynecological tumors, including malignancies of the ovaries, uterus, cervix, vulva, and vagina, account for a substantial proportion of cancer-related morbidity and mortality among women worldwide [1]. Recent progress in diagnostic techniques and surgical interventions has significantly impacted clinical practice, contributing to earlier detection, better risk stratification, and more tailored therapeutic strategies.Advances in imaging technologies, have improved the accuracy of preoperative tumor characterization. These tools facilitate precise staging, of gynecologic malignancies [2].Simultaneously, molecular diagnostics and next-generation sequencing are now integral in the management of ovarian and endometrial cancers. Identification of pathogenic variants such as BRCA1/2, TP53, and mismatch repair (MMR) gene deficiencies allows for more refined classification and targeted treatment planning [3][4][5][6].Emerging diagnostic modalities, such as liquid biopsy, offer non-invasive means for detecting circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) and other tumor-derived markers, providing a promising approach for monitoring disease recurrence and therapeutic response in real-time [7]. Other promising technologies are actually available as non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in gynecologic malignancies, particularly endometrial cancer [8]. While still undergoing validation for widespread clinical use, early studies show considerable potential in gynecologic oncology.Surgical treatment remains the primary modality for most gynecologic cancers. Over the past decade, a paradigm shift toward minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has occurred, with laparoscopic and robotic-assisted techniques increasingly preferred due to their favorable perioperative outcomes.Studies have demonstrated equivalent oncologic safety in selected early-stage endometrial and cervical cancers, along with reduced morbidity and shorter recovery times [9][10][11].Robotic-assisted surgery, in particular, has gained prominence due to its enhanced visualization, dexterity, and ergonomics. While the upfront costs remain a limiting factor, the technology continues to expand, particularly in high-volume centers. For complex cases, such as radical hysterectomy or staging for high-grade endometrial carcinoma, robotics offer technical advantages that may translate into improved functional outcomes, especially when nerve-sparing procedures are employed [12].The management of gynecologic cancers is inherently multidisciplinary. Tumor boards that integrate surgical oncologists, medical oncologists, pathologists, radiologists, and reproductive specialists have become essential in guiding individualized treatment plans. Concurrently, artificial intelligence is beginning to influence diagnostic imaging and risk prediction models, although clinical integration is still in its early stages.The diagnosis and surgical treatment of gynecological tumors continue to evolve, driven by technological innovation, molecular medicine, and a growing emphasis on patient-centered care.