Prescription and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns at Selected Critical Care Units of the Largest Teaching and Referral Hospital in Kenya

Emmah Obegi^1*Margaret Oluka²Sylvia Opanga²Dorothy Aywak²Faith Okalebo²Mitchel Otieno Okumu³

• ¹Department of Medical Services, Public Health and Sanitation, County Government of Kisumu, Kisumu, Kenya
• ²Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacy, and Pharmacy Practice, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
• ³Department of Research and Training, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga Teaching and Referral Hospital, Kisumu, Kenya

Little is known about the prescription and antibiotic resistance patterns at Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH)' s critical care units (CCUs). The present study aimed to evaluate these patterns at selected CCUs at KNH.This was a descriptive, retrospective cross-sectional study of selected CCUs at KNH between January and December 2017. Data on prescription and antibiotic resistance patterns were abstracted from the medical records of patients 13 years old admitted at selected CCUs at KNH during the study period.Results: 309 patients with a median age of 40.6 ±17.5 years were recruited; trauma was the leading cause of admission (72/309, 23.53%), and most were male (n=158, 51.1%). Antibiotic therapy was initiated before CCU admission in 304/309 (98.4%) of the patients, documentation of antibiotic indications was low for both empirical (25%) and targeted therapy (41.6%), and ceftriaxone (36.8%), metronidazole (16.9%), and meropenem (12.4%) were predominantly prescribed. Pre-therapy cultures were obtained in 51.1% of cases, with 42.7% yielding positive results and Klebsiella pneumonia (23.9%), Acinetobacter baumanii (16.4%), and Escherichia coli (10.5%) predominating. Furthermore, 67% (n=11) of K. pneumonia isolates were sensitive to meropenem, 82% (n=9) of Acinetobacter baumanii isolates were sensitive to amikacin, 55% (n=6) to meropenem and 27% (n=3) were sensitive to ceftazidime and cefepime. All the A. baumanii isolates were resistant to tigecycline, linezolid, and teicoplanin. Most (86%, n=6) of the E. coli isolates were sensitive to meropenem, 71% (n=5) were sensitive to amikacin, and 43% (n=3) were sensitive to gentamicin.The high rates of pre-CCU antibiotic initiation, low documentation of therapeutic indications, and widespread resistance to commonly used antibiotics at the Kenyatta National Hospital highlight the urgent need for improved antimicrobial stewardship programs. Moreover, the predominance of multi-drug resistant organisms, particularly K. pneumonia and A. baumanii, and their variable sensitivity patterns to reserve antibiotics like meropenem suggests there is need for regular surveillance and update of antibiotic guidelines.