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EDITORIAL article

Front. Vet. Sci., 30 July 2024
Sec. Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics
This article is part of the Research Topic Molecular surveillance of animal and zoonotic pathogens View all 6 articles

Editorial: Molecular surveillance of animal and zoonotic pathogens

  • 1Departamento de Fomento de la Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
  • 2Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
  • 3School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
  • 4Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
  • 5Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile

Introduction

Bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites can threaten the health and welfare of all terrestrial and aquatic animal species, including all domestic and wildlife animals. This may lead to high rates of morbidity and mortality, increased socioeconomic costs, food insecurity, and biodiversity loss (1, 2). Furthermore, many of these pathogens are zoonotic or have zoonotic potential, thus posing a threat to global public health (3).

Due to globalization, there is an increased risk of emergence and spread of pathogens, resulting in a higher likelihood of outbreaks caused by new pathogens, and/or pathogens previously absent in an area/region (4). Therefore, understanding the molecular epidemiology of these microorganisms, including their geographical distribution, virulence, resistance determinants, genomic patterns, and the effects of climate change and anthropogenic activities is essential.

Genomic changes of infectious agents relate to microbial evolution. These changes often impact pathogenicity, virulence, dissemination capacity, and resistance to intervention and prevention methods such as use of antimicrobials and vaccines. Additionally, they could pose a challenge to current diagnostic tools (5). Under this scenario, there is a need for reviewing current prevention and control measures, to establish an integrated approach, considering transdisciplinary collaborations, following the One Health concept.

This Research Topic presents five new articles that shed light on these issues.

Wild animals as reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens

Wang et al. presents the prevalence and genetic composition of Blastocystis in wild rodents and shrews in China, revealing that these animals can harbor zoonotic subtypes of Blastocystis. Similarly, Ardila et al. investigates the presence of Borrelia, Anaplasmataceae, and Piroplasmida in cricetid rodents of Central and Southern Chile. Although no pathogens were detected; the authors suggested they may be present at a very low prevalence, emphasizing the need for further research to understand the factors influencing the presence of these agents and their vectors. Liu et al. provides an insight into the presence and possible dissemination of the Jingmen tick virus from ticks obtained from wild boars in China, suggesting complex transmission routes and providing valuable information on its distribution and evolution in that country.

Antimicrobial resistance

Domán et al. investigates the genomic differences between avian and human Candida albicans isolates with a particular focus on antifungal resistance genes. Their results suggest that the use of environmental fungicide might exert selective pressure on C. albicans infecting animals, thus contributing to the spread of potentially resistant strains. In a similar context, Bazalar-Gonzales et al. assesses the presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli strains in captive and semi-captive non-human primates from the Peruvian Amazon and analyze their genomes, reporting strains closely related to high-risk pandemic lineages found in humans and domestic animals, highlighting the negative impact of anthropogenic activities on Amazonian wildlife.

Overall, this Research Topic represents an important body of knowledge that compiles several aspects of pathogen emergence considering a range of animals and pathogens. These findings may help to understand the emergence of pathogens at the human-animal-environment interface and provide relevant information for optimizing diagnostic methods in these changing times.

Publishers' note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Author contributions

VM: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. IK: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. RN: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. NL: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. NG: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing.

Funding

The author(s) declare that no financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

References

1. World Organization for Animal Health. Terrestrial Animal Health Code. (2023). Available online at: https://www.woah.org/en/what-we-do/standards/codes-and-manuals/terrestrial-code-online-access/ (accessed July 1, 2024).

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2. World Organization for Animal Health. Aquatic Animal Health Code. (2023). Available online at: https://www.woah.org/en/what-we-do/standards/codes-and-manuals/aquatic-code-online-access/ (accessed July 1, 2024).

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3. Rahman MT, Sobur MA, Islam MS, Ievy S, Hossain MJ, El Zowalaty ME, et al. Zoonotic diseases: etiology, impact, and control. Microorganisms. (2020) 8:1405. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8091405

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4. Baker RE, Mahmud AS, Miller IF, Rajeev M, Rasambainarivo F, Rice BL, et al. Infectious disease in an era of global change. Nat Rev Microbiol. (2022) 20:193–205. doi: 10.1038/s41579-021-00639-z

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

5. Gardy JL, Loman NJ. Towards a genomics-informed, real-time, global pathogen surveillance system. Nat Rev Genet. (2018) 19:9–20. doi: 10.1038/nrg.2017.88

PubMed Abstract | Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar

Keywords: zoonoses, surveillance, pathogen, epidemiology, animals

Citation: Martínez V, Kudva I, Nova RJ, Lincopan N and Galarce N (2024) Editorial: Molecular surveillance of animal and zoonotic pathogens. Front. Vet. Sci. 11:1466949. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1466949

Received: 18 July 2024; Accepted: 22 July 2024;
Published: 30 July 2024.

Edited and reviewed by: Michael Ward, The University of Sydney, Australia

Copyright © 2024 Martínez, Kudva, Nova, Lincopan and Galarce. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

*Correspondence: Nicolás Galarce, bmdhbGFyY2UmI3gwMDA0MDt1Zy51Y2hpbGUuY2w=

Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.