REVIEW article
Front. Vet. Sci.
Sec. Veterinary Infectious Diseases
Volume 12 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1571694
Anaplasmosis in the Amazon: Diagnostic Challenges, Persistence, and Control of A. marginale and A. phagocytophilum
Provisionally accepted- 1Laboratorio de Fisiología Molecular, Facultad de Ingeniería Zootecnista, Agronegocios y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigación en Ganadería y Biotecnología, UNTRM, Chachapoyas, Peru
- 2Laboratory of Bacterial Diseases, Sector of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Department of Veterinary, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- 3Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States
- 4Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States
- 5Faculty of Medicine, Toribio Rodríguez National University of Mendoza of Amazonas, Chachapoyas, Amazonas, Peru
- 6Facultad de Ingeniería Zootecnista, Agronegocios y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigación en Ganadería y Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas, Peru
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Anaplasmosis remains a significant threat to livestock production in tropical regions, particularly in the Amazon basin, where ecological complexity and limited veterinary infrastructure challenge effective disease management. This review focuses on Anaplasma marginale and A. phagocytophilum, the primary species associated with bovine and granulocytic anaplasmosis, respectively. We examine the current state of diagnostic tools, highlighting the limited accessibility of molecular techniques in rural settings and the emerging but underutilized potential of technologies. Persistent infection and antigenic variation are explored as major obstacles for disease eradication and vaccine development. Although live attenuated and inactivated vaccines are in use for A. marginale, none provide sterilizing immunity, and no commercial vaccines exist for A. phagocytophilum. The review evaluates recent advances in recombinant antigens, chimeric constructs, and genetically attenuated strains, as well as future directions involving multiepitope design, novel adjuvants, and nextgeneration vaccine platforms. Additionally, we assess the role of tick control in disease prevention and emphasize the importance of integrated strategies in regions like the Amazon.Together, these findings underscore the need for context-specific solutions that address the ecological and epidemiological complexity of anaplasmosis in the Amazon basin.
Keywords: Anaplasmosis, Anaplasma marginale, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Amazon basin, tick-borne Pathogens
Received: 05 Feb 2025; Accepted: 02 Apr 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Mauri Pablo, Chuquimia del Solar, Hinojosa Enciso, Polveiro, da Silva Vieira, Ramos Sanchez, Bardales Escalante, Maicelo Quintana and Lopez Lapa. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Rainer Marco Lopez Lapa, Laboratorio de Fisiología Molecular, Facultad de Ingeniería Zootecnista, Agronegocios y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigación en Ganadería y Biotecnología, UNTRM, Chachapoyas, Peru
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