REVIEW article
Front. Vet. Sci.
Sec. Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology
Volume 12 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1572736
Avian Toxicoses: A Review
Provisionally accepted
- 1Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
- 2Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire Saint Martin, 321 Imp. des Champs, 74350 Allonzier-la-Caille, France
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Bird species, both domestic and wild, are frequently exposed to a wide range of toxic compounds. Toxicosis in avian patients is often a clinical challenge. Diagnosis often relies on history and clinical signs because specific tests for most toxicants are not available in clinical practice, or they require unsustainable blood volume for small avian species. The management of toxicoses consists of patient stabilization, decreasing toxin absorption, improving its elimination and supporting therapy. This literature review provides an outline of the most common toxicoses in birds, as well as their diagnosis and possible treatments.
Keywords: Birds, Toxicoses, intoxication, Avian medicine, Exotic pet medicine
Received: 07 Feb 2025; Accepted: 14 Jul 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Vetere, Di Ianni, Gavezzoli and Cococcetta. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Martina Gavezzoli, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, 43126, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
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