Access to veterinary care in Canada: A cross-sectional survey of animal healthcare organizations and interventions

Quinn Rausch^1*Maryam Alhamdan²Shane Bateman¹Michelle Evason³Valli Fraser-Celin⁴Courtney Graham¹Jamie Saad⁵Michelle Tuma⁴Karen Ward⁶Lauren Van Patter¹

• ¹Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
• ²Department of Animal and Poultry Science, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
• ³Antech Diagnostics (United States), Fountain Valley, California, United States
• ⁴Veterinarians Without Borders North America, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
• ⁵SPCA de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
• ⁶Toronto Humane Society, Toronto, Canada

Many Canadians struggle to access healthcare for their animals, but little data is available from the Canadian context on how barriers to care are being addressed, and with what effects. The aim of this research was to characterize service providing organizations, barrier mitigation tools, community partnerships, and evaluation metrics used by organizations attempting to increase access to animal healthcare in Canada. In this study, we conducted online data mining and a crosssectional, mixed-methods organizational survey. Responses to the survey (N=97) were received from non-profit organizations (52%), for-profit clinics (38%), and several municipal or governmental services (4%) and educational institutes (5%). Responses demonstrate that organizations mitigated access to veterinary care barriers primarily along financial and geographical lines, and to a lesser extent with tools targeting cultural or disability-related barriers. Commonly reported tools included no cost or low-cost services, pop-up clinics and providing items to assist with pet transportation, with many other tools (payment plans without a credit check, services in multiple languages, availability of assistive technology) being employed by fewer than 20% of responding organizations. Only 38% of organizations used at least one tool from each of the four categories of barriers, highlighting the importance of building capacity around addressing multiple intersecting barriers. Community involvement in programs ranged from simply accessing the service when it was available (outreach) to giving occasional feedback on their experiences (consulting), being employed or volunteering in program provision (collaborating), and community leadership partnering on initiatives (sharing leadership). Program evaluation most often involved quantitative measures of service usage with fewer organizations formally soliciting feedback from the community or looking at long-term health impacts. Study findings provide a baseline characterization of current efforts by Canadian organizations to mitigate barriers to accessing animal healthcare.