SYSTEMATIC REVIEW article
Front. Vet. Sci.
Sec. Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics
Volume 12 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1614486
This article is part of the Research TopicAntimicrobial Resistance in Veterinary Medicine: Epidemiology, Economic Impact, and Mitigation StrategiesView all 9 articles
Systematic Review: Genotypic and Phenotypic Resistance of Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Salmonella in Livestock in South America (2020-2024)
Provisionally accepted
Stefany Barrientos-Villegas
Maria Isabel Garcia AlvarezJuana Liz VidalLuis Miguel Gómez-Osorio
Sara Lopez Osorio
Jenny Jovana Chaparro-Gutiérrez*- CIBAV Research Group, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, University of Antioquia, UdeA, Medellin, Colombia, Medellin, Colombia
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Objetive: To determine the frequency of phenotypic and genotypic resistance to quinolones and fluoroquinolones in Salmonella spp. isolated from production animals (pigs, poultry, cattle) and rodents in South America between 2020 and 2024, with the goal of providing key information on resistance in these countries for public health and food safety.Methods: A systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines, using databases such as Scopus, PubMed, SciELO, and Latindex. Studies on Salmonella spp. resistant to quinolones and fluoroquinolones in production animals, meat products, and rodents in South America during 2020-2024 were included.Results: Of the 83 initial results, 27 studies were selected. 70.4% of the studies were conducted in Brazil. 88% of the studies (n=24/27) used phenotypic methods, with the disk diffusion technique being the most common. Ciprofloxacin was the most studied antibiotic, with an overall resistance of 32.5%, followed by nalidixic acid (60.6%) and enrofloxacin (23.7%). The average multidrug resistance (MDR) was 62%. 44% of the studies (n=12/27) employed genotypic methods, with whole genome sequencing (WGS) being the most notable technique. Mutations were reported in parC (58%), gyrA (50%), gyrB (8%), and the presence of qnr genes (75%) and aac(6’)-Ib-cr (8%). No studies on rodents were found.Conclusion: Resistance to quinolones and fluoroquinolones in Salmonella spp. in South America endangers public health and food safety. To address antimicrobial resistance, monitoring and control measures must be implemented, regional research should be promoted, and stronger restrictions should be enforced.
Keywords: Quinolones, Fluoroquinolones (FQ), Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), Salmonella, South America
Received: 19 Apr 2025; Accepted: 08 Aug 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Barrientos-Villegas, Garcia Alvarez, Vidal, Gómez-Osorio, Lopez Osorio and Chaparro-Gutiérrez. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Jenny Jovana Chaparro-Gutiérrez, CIBAV Research Group, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, University of Antioquia, UdeA, Medellin, Colombia, Medellin, Colombia
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