Your new experience awaits. Try the new design now and help us make it even better

ORIGINAL RESEARCH article

Front. Vet. Sci.

Sec. Veterinary Infectious Diseases

Volume 12 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1619052

Efficacy of an intranasally administered live attenuated PRRSV-2 vaccine against challenge with a highly virulent PRRSV-1 strain

Provisionally accepted
Enric  M MateuEnric M Mateu1*Martí  CorteyMartí Cortey1Soledad  SerenaSoledad Serena1Ivan  Domingo-CarreñoIvan Domingo-Carreño1Monica  AlberchMonica Alberch1Laia  AguirreLaia Aguirre1Ivan  DiazIvan Diaz1Margarita  Martin CastilloMargarita Martin Castillo1José María  Sánchez-CarvajalJosé María Sánchez-Carvajal2Irene Magdalena  Rodríguez-GómezIrene Magdalena Rodríguez-Gómez2Jesus Horacio  Lara PuenteJesus Horacio Lara Puente3Carlos  Artigas CabreCarlos Artigas Cabre4David  Sarfati-MizrahiDavid Sarfati-Mizrahi3Bernardo  Lozano DubernardBernardo Lozano Dubernard3
  • 1Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
  • 2University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
  • 3Avi-Mex S.A., Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
  • 4Independent advisor, Barcelona, Spain

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

This study evaluates the efficacy of an intranasal (IN) vaccine composed of a naturally attenuated PRRSV-2 isolate, compared to a commercially available intramuscularly administered (IM) PRRSV-1 vaccine, against a heterologous challenge with a highly virulent PRRSV-1 strain (R1).Sixty-eight PRRSV-naïve pigs were divided into four groups: two non-vaccinated controls (NV/NCh, NV/Ch), one IM-vaccinated with a PRRSV-1 MLV (Por), and one intranasally (IN)-vaccinated with the PRRSV-2 vaccine (IL). Clinical, pathological, and immunological outcomes were assessed postchallenge. Both vaccines significantly (p<0.05) reduced fever duration (3-5 days less than controls, respectively), reduced the clinical scores after challenge, and mitigated weight loss (p<0.05), though viral loads in serum and lungs remained comparable across groups. Macroscopic lung lesions at 10 days post-challenge (DPC) were reduced in vaccinated groups (13-14% of pneumonic lung on average in vaccinated groups vs. 35% in NV/Ch), yet microscopic lesions persisted, correlating with lung viral loads at 28 DPC (R²=0.54, p<0.001). None of the tested vaccines achieved an efficient control of the viremia or nasal shedding compared to unvaccinated controls. Cross-reactive cell-mediated responses suggested shared epitopes between PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2; however, the frequencies of interferongamma-secreting cells did not correlate with lesion severity. In summary, the IN vaccine demonstrated non-inferiority to IM vaccination in alleviating clinical signs and helped reduce weight losses, however, at later times control of viral replication was lower, underscoring limitations in heterologous protection. The dissociation between systemic immune markers and tissue-specific outcomes highlights the need for strategies targeting tissue-resident immunity. These findings advocate further exploration of mucosal vaccination as a complementary strategy for PRRSV control, particularly under heterologous challenge conditions, while emphasizing the persistent challenges posed by viral diversity and incomplete cross-protection.

Keywords: keyword1, keyword2, keyword3, keyword4, keyword5. (Min Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, Intranasal vaccine, Immunity

Received: 27 Apr 2025; Accepted: 05 Aug 2025.

Copyright: © 2025 Mateu, Cortey, Serena, Domingo-Carreño, Alberch, Aguirre, Diaz, Martin Castillo, Sánchez-Carvajal, Rodríguez-Gómez, Lara Puente, Artigas Cabre, Sarfati-Mizrahi and Lozano Dubernard. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

* Correspondence: Enric M Mateu, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.