ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Vet. Sci.
Sec. Animal Nutrition and Metabolism
Volume 12 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1645129
Fluctuations in dietary crude protein content affect rumen bacterial community and metabolome in Holstein dairy cows
Provisionally accepted
Chuankai Zhang
Yifan LiuJiaying WangLandan XingLei LiuYingkai QuanLiukuan He
Liyang Zhang
Tengyun Gao
Tong FuKaizhen Liu*Hongxia Lian*- Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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To elucidate the complex effects of fluctuating dietary crude protein on Holstein dairy cows, this study investigated responses in lactation performance, rumen bacterial community and metabolome profiles. In a 60-day trial, twenty-four Holstein dairy cows were randomly assigned to three groups: Fluctuating CP Diet (FCP), High CP Diet (HCP, 18.05% CP), and Intermediate CP Diet (ICP, 16.05% CP). The FCP group alternated between a high CP diet (18.05% CP, FCP-HCP) and a low CP diet (14.04% CP, FCP-LCP) every 48 hours, forming a 96-hour cycle. During the final fluctuation cycle, blood, milk and urine samples were collected to analyze plasma urea nitrogen (PUN), milk urea nitrogen (MUN) and urine urea nitrogen (UUN), assess rumen bacterial diversity, and evaluate metabolic changes via metabolomics. The results indicated that fluctuations in dietary CP did not significantly affect lactation 带格式的: 正文 删除了: Dairy cow
Keywords: Dietary crude protein, fluctuations, bacterial community, Metabolomics, Nitrogen, Holstein Metabolomics indicated
Received: 12 Jun 2025; Accepted: 20 Aug 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Zhang, Liu, Wang, Xing, Liu, Quan, He, Zhang, Gao, Fu, Liu and Lian. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence:
Kaizhen Liu, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
Hongxia Lian, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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