ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Vet. Sci.
Sec. Animal Nutrition and Metabolism
Volume 12 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1653733
The integrative analysis of transcriptome and metabolome reveals raw foie gras performance difference induced by different force-feeding intensities in male Tianfu Meat Geese
Provisionally accepted
Yongqiang Teng1
Rongxue Wei2
Shanjing Peng2Jiang Li2Rong Ning2Zhaoyun Luo2Shouhai Wei2Lili Bai2Li Zhou3
Chunchun Han2*- 1Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- 2Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
- 3Yibin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yibin, China
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To explore influence of different force-feeding intensities on foie gras performance, geese were force-fed with A (force-feeding 4 times per day and lasting 28 days) and B (force-feeding 5 times per day and lasting18 days) two levels of force-feeding intensities in this current study. An integrative analysis of liver transcriptome, amino acid metabolome and long-chain fatty acids metabolome was performed. In serum, the levels of blood glucose, insulin, triglyceride (TG), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) of B group were significantly higher than those of A group (P < 0.05). B force-feeding intensity induced more severe steatosis in goose liver. Transcriptome analysis showed that 948 upregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 519 downregulated DEGs were yielded (A vs. B), key DEGs G6PD, IGF1, IGF2 and MLX were upregulated; LPL, IRS1, IRS4 and IGF1R were downregulated. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that there were clear separation and discrimination in liver free amino acids profiles and long-chain fatty acids profiles between A and B group, respectively. The Lys level of B group was significantly higher than that of A group (P < 0.05); the highest enrichment pathway of different amino acids was valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis; alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism was the highest impact score pathway involved in different amino acids. The levels of saturated fatty acids (SFAs), mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), C14:0, C16:1, C16:0, C18:2n6c, C18:1n9c and C18:0 of B group were significantly higher than those of A group (P < 0.05); the highest impact score pathway related to different fatty acids was linoleic acid metabolism and the highest enrichment pathway involved in different fatty acids was biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. In conclusion, liver DEGs involved in glucolipid metabolism, different free amino acids and different fatty acids collectively shaped the foie gras performance difference induced by different force-feeding intensities.
Keywords: Goose fatty liver, Transcriptome, Amino acid metabolome, Fatty acids metabolome, Force-feeding intensity
Received: 26 Jun 2025; Accepted: 08 Aug 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Teng, Wei, Peng, Li, Ning, Luo, Wei, Bai, Zhou and Han. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Chunchun Han, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
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