Editorial: Natural Compounds/Products and Livestock productivity: Enhancing Antioxidant Levels, Gut Health, Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Disease Control

Moyosore Joseph Adegbeye^1*Valiollah Palangi²Sadarman Sadarman³Abdelfattah Z. M. Salem⁴

• ¹Research Centre for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong Science Centre, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor, Cibinong, Bogor, 16915, Indonesia, Bogor, Indonesia
• ²Department of Life Sciences, Western Caspian University, Baku, Azerbaijan, Baku, Azerbaijan
• ³Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Syarif Kasim, Pekanbaru, Indonesia
• ⁴Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Mexico Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Amecameca, Mexico

Growing concerns about antimicrobial resistance, drug residues in animal-derived foods, and the environmental consequences of conventional livestock production have prompted a global shift toward natural alternatives that are safe, multifunctional, and sustainable. Among these, plantderived bioactives, microbe-based products, and other natural compounds are emerging as valuable tools to enhance animal health, productivity, and resilience to disease. This shift is particularly relevant given the increasing need to phase out antibiotics as growth promoters and address the ecological pressures linked to intensive livestock systems. This Research Topic brings together 36 articles, comprising original articles, review and meta-analysis selected from 49 submissions, representing contributions from China (31 papers) and five other countries, Japan, Ethiopia, the United States, Korea, and Portugal. The papers span a wide range of livestock species, including ruminants (cattle, sheep, goats, yaks), monogastrics (broilers, layers, ducks, pigeons, geese), and pseudo-ruminants (donkeys), reflecting a global effort to explore natural solutions across diverse production systems.A key strength of this collection is its integrative perspective. Rather than focusing on single physiological outcomes, the studies address the multifunctional roles of natural compounds, from enhancing antioxidant defenses, modulating gut microbiota, and supporting disease resistance, to reducing methane emissions and improving product quality. This unified framework reflects a growing recognition that sustainable livestock production requires holistic interventions that promote animal health, environmental stewardship, and food safety. The studies can be broadly classified into five categories of natural compounds: including Phytogenic compounds, including single-plant extracts, multi-herbal formulations, and essential oils (e.g., Artemisia annua, theaflavins, Pueraria extract, Broussonetia papyrifera, Ziziphus spina-christi, Gynura procumbens, and oregano oil); Phyto-microbial systems, which combine plant substrates with microbial fermentation to enhance bioactivity and digestibility (e.g., Phragmites australis silage improved with Bacillus subtilis and LAB);Microbial-derived products, including functional bacteria, yeasts, and bacteriocins (e.g., Heyndrickxia coagulans SANK70258, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa ZTHY2, and Microcin J25); Mineral and vitamin-based compounds, such as Fe-Gly, folic acid, taurine, and vitamin C, that improve metabolism, immunity, and tissue integrity; and Oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, including chitosan oligosaccharides and Lagenaria siceraria polysaccharides, which play key roles in gut health and immune modulation.The research themes explored in these papers span several functional domains, Performance and antioxidant status (18 papers), Immune modulation and gut health (16 papers), Reproductive performance and embryo development (6 papers), Methane mitigation and environmental sustainability (3 papers), Carcass traits and animal product quality (10 papers), Feed ingredient innovation and nutritional strategies (11 papers). Together, these studies reported the potential of natural compounds as viable, regionally adaptable alternatives to synthetic drugs and additives.Many of these compounds are more accessible to smallholder farmers, who play a major role in livestock production across developing regions. One of the key future directions in animal nutrition is improving the utilization of unconventional feed ingredients, particularly low-cost, high-fiber resources, to reduce reliance on conventional feedstuffs and reduce competition between livestock and human food systems. Integrating Bacillus subtilis (BNCC109047) with both homofermentative and heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria enhanced the fermentation quality and nutritional value of Phragmites australis (reed), a fibrous and affordable biomass (Liu et al.). This microbial synergy offers a promising strategy for improving the silage quality of lignocellulosic forages, especially in tropical regions where such resources are abundant during the dry season. In a complementary study, Zheng et al. showed that incorporating Broussonetia papyrifera silage into ruminant diets improved antioxidant capacity, enhanced mucosal immunity by increasing immunoglobulins and interleukins, and reduced the abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria such as Turicibacter and Romboutsia in Kazakh sheep. Therefore, naturally fermented feeds may address feed shortages while promoting gut health and reducing antibiotic dependence.Feed composition, including bioactive compounds can significantly influence milk quality. In a novel study, Zhou et al. reported that fermented Codonopsis pilosula residue improved milk yield and metabolite profiles in lactating donkeys. The improvement was linked to immune activation, increased antioxidant capacity, and enhanced glucose and lipid metabolism. This suggest that bioactive residues from medicinal plants could offer dual benefits of improving animal performance while minimizing waste. Global demand for soybeans, largely produced in the Americas, has raised environmental concerns due to its intensive production and transport. While soybean remains an excellent protein source, more sustainable, low-cost alternatives are gaining attention. For example, a soybean-free, low-protein diet comprising rice, rice bran, rice co-product (RCC) meal, sweet potatoes, black tea powder, and tangerine peel powder reduced cost per kilogram of weight gain, increased lean meat yield, reduced cooking losses, and improved pork fatty acid profiles (notably increasing C22:6 and n-3 PUFAs) (Fu et al. ). Additionally, this diet lowered the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and increasing the abundance of Lactobacillus spp in the colon. This illustrate the potential of unconventional feeds to improve meat quality, gut health and improvement in fibre degrading microbes. However, despite the appeal, long-term use of unconventional feed ingredients often raise questions about their safety, consistency, optimal dosage, and effects on microbiota, animal health, and product quality. Jack et al. [3] noted the nutritional benefits of microalgae like Spirulina in ruminants. Yet, the physiological differences between monogastric and ruminant require caution. Spínola et al. found that including Spirulina at up to 15% of the diet in broilers impaired weight gain, increased gut viscosity, enlarged digestive tract segments, and altered meat quality by reducing the n-6/n-3 ratio and α-tocopherol content.These effects may be due to their limited ability to digest microalgal cell walls, particularly at young ages. Thus, while unconventional feed ingredients, from fibrous forages and plant residues to microalgae, offer great potential to reduce costs and improve animal health, careful consideration of species-specific responses, inclusion levels, and long-term effects remains essential. Continued research in microbial fermentation, bioactive compound profiling, and gut microbiome interactions will be key to unlocking their full value in modern animal production. Stress is an unavoidable aspect of livestock production, triggered by physical exertion, transportation, extreme temperatures (especially heat), overcrowding, and intensive management.Many of these factors lead to oxidative stress at the cellular level, depleting antioxidant defenses, weakening immune function and increasing free radical production (Culhuac et al. [1]). Free radical levels can rise due to aging, infections, injuries, poor diet, or environmental disruptions, further amplifying oxidative stress. Transportation, whether from hatcheries to farms or farms to markets and slaughterhouses, is a key contributor to physiological stress in animals. In yaks, for example, transport stress was linked to body weight loss and elevated plasma concentrations of lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, malondialdehyde (MDA), cortisol, and lipopolysaccharides, all of which are biomarkers of oxidative and inflammatory responses. increased the production of beneficial short-chain fatty acids. These changes contributed to improved intestinal immunity, better development of immune organs, and enhanced growth performance in broiler chickens. The small intestine, especially the jejunum, is the primary site for nutrient absorption in livestock, thanks to its high osmotic pressure (Esmail,[2]). When its functions are compromised, animal health and growth can be severely affected. Encouragingly, Gang et al. found that water extracts of Artemisia annua improved immune function and antioxidant capacity in the small intestines of lambs, and also upregulated genes linked to mucosal health. One major challenge of indigenous pigs is their relatively slow growth, which often leads to increased reliance on antibiotics to prevent disease. However, Wu et al. reported that Pueraria extracts offered a natural alternative by boosting beneficial microbes like Bacillus acidi lactici and Saccharomycetes, while reducing harmful E. coli and Salmonella in the jejunum. These shifts improved growth, feed efficiency, and immune responses, including higher immunoglobulin M and stronger intestinal barrier function While antibiotics have traditionally been added to livestock water or feed to support growth and health, increasing restrictions and concerns about resistance have prompted the exploration of natural alternatives. One promising example is fermented Shuanghuanglian, an herbal blend made from Honeysuckle flower, Baical skullcap root, and Fructus forsythiae. According to Xu et al. , adding 0.5% of this mixture to the drinking water of laying hens significantly improved their production performance, offering a natural way to support commercial poultry farming. Likewise, black tea-derived theaflavins (TF) enhanced laying performance, antioxidant capacity, yolk color, and lipid metabolism in hens (Zhou et al. ), offering a natural way to improve egg quality. These improvements could reduce reliance on artificial yolk colorants and enhance overall egg quality in commercial operations. In broilers, ginseng stem-leaf extract has also shown promise. As reported by Zhang et al. , supplementation improved growth performance and meat quality while enhancing antioxidant status, immune function, and cholesterol metabolism to varying degrees. Among ducks, low immunity remains a persistent challenge that contributes to high mortality rates. Accurate methane emission data from ruminant production systems in Africa remain limited, primarily due to the high cost and limited availability of advanced measurement equipment such as Laser methane detector, GreenFeed, SF6, and respiratory chamber. Nevertheless, a consistent pattern emerges from reports is that livestock in Africa tend to have high methane emission intensity, often attributed to the fibrous nature of native forages, widespread reliance on crop residues and agricultural by-products, and generally low product output (weight gain and milk yield).To address this challenge, Bature et al. reported on the potential of some locally available phytogenic feed additives, including trees, herbs, shrubs, and tannin-rich forages, as sustainable tools for reducing methane emissions in ruminants. In Ethiopia, Bekele et al. demonstrated that Menz sheep fed test diets containing Acacia nilotica and Ziziphus spina-christi leaves, either alone or in combination with brewery spent grains (BSG), exhibited a methane reduction of up to 67%.The methane-reducing effect was largely attributed to the condensed tannins present in these forages, which are known to modulate rumen fermentation and suppress methanogenesis.Similarly, in Korea, Bharanidharan et al. showed that when Pharbitis nil seeds were used in ruminant diets, there was up to 17.2% decrease in methane yield (g/kg OM), alongside a 7.6% reduction in urinary nitrogen excretion. In addition, the inclusion of P. nil increased metabolizable energy intake by 14.7% (as a percentage of gross energy intake) and reduced rumen protozoa populations, particularly Entodinium caudatum, by 40%, further supporting its anti-methanogenic and eco-friendly properties. These show the potential of locally available, plant-based feed additives as practical and cost-effective strategies for methane mitigation, particularly in low-input systems where conventional feed technologies may not be feasible. Apart from reduced emissions, this approach also offers benefits for nutrient utilization and productivity, contributing to both environmental sustainability and livestock development goals across diverse agro-ecological regions Excessive use of inorganic trace elements in livestock feed is common to meet nutritional needs, but it often leads to gastrointestinal stress and high levels of excretion, which can harm the environment. For piglets, iron injections are routinely given after birth, yet unused iron in the gut can be taken up by harmful microorganisms. Organic iron sources, such as iron glycinate (Fe-Gly), offer better digestibility and absorption. Supplementing piglet diets with 50 mg Fe-Gly has been shown to significantly improve feed intake, daily weight gain, and reduce diarrhea rates by 40%.It also enhanced iron status by increasing serum total iron-binding capacity, indicating more efficient iron transport. Crucially, Fe-Gly helped protect against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)-induced intestinal damage by improving jejunal morphology and regulating genes linked to gut health. This suggests that Fe-Gly not only meets the piglets' iron needs but also limits iron availability to pathogens like ETEC, supporting gut health under infectious stress (Gao et al.).In finishing pigs, replacing all inorganic trace elements with up to 70% organic alternatives maintained performance, improved antioxidant capacity, reduced fecal excretion, enhanced gut health and microbiota diversity, and presented a more sustainable approach for modern pig production (Xu et al.). Reproduction remains one of the most sensitive and performance-defining processes in livestock A promising future direction is the exploration of phyto-microbe synergy, harnessing the combined benefits of plant metabolites and microbial products to improve animal health and productivity while ensuring safety and sustainability. The botanical and microbial biodiversity found across tropical, arid, semi-arid, temperate, and subtropical zones offers an untapped reservoir of bioactives with localized benefits. However, further research is needed to identify active ingredients, determine effective dosages, and evaluate the long-term use of these compounds to ensure consistency and efficacy. This editorial collection marks a step forward in aligning livestock research with One Health and eco-efficient production goals, providing a scientific basis for the responsible use of natural compounds in livestock feeding systems