REVIEW article
Front. Vet. Sci.
Sec. Veterinary Clinical, Anatomical, and Comparative Pathology
Volume 12 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1674694
The immune microenvironment in tumors: focus on canine and feline spontaneous neoplasms
Provisionally accepted
- 1University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- 2Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell Emilia-Romagna Bruno Ubertini, Brescia, Italy
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Companion animals develop spontaneous tumors with biological and immunological features closely resembling human cancers. The tumor microenvironment (TME), particularly its immune infiltrates, plays a pivotal role in tumor progression and immune evasion. This review summarizes current knowledge on the composition and function of immune cells (including T cells, B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, and mast cells) in the TME of canine and feline tumors. A better understanding of these mechanisms may aid in identifying prognostic biomarkers and novel immunotherapeutic targets in both veterinary and human oncology.
Keywords: Tumor microenvironment1, spontaneous neoplasms2, TILs3, TAMs4, immunecheckpoints5
Received: 28 Jul 2025; Accepted: 09 Oct 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Rizzi, D'Annunzio, Tugnoli, Sarli and Muscatello. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Luisa Vera Muscatello, luisaver.muscatello2@unibo.it
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