Editorial: Parasites at the One Health Interface

Mughees Aizaz Alvi^1*Hongbin Yan^2*Hussam Askar²Sirikachorn Tangkawattana³

• ¹University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
• ²Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
• ³Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand

*Corresponding authors: mugheesaizazalvi@gmail.com yanhongbin@caas.cn Relationships among human health, animal health, environmental health, both interrelationships in general and the connection specifically between human and animals, have become particularly important given the emergence of new infectious diseases, changing environmental conditions, and escalatinged animal-human interactions. Parasitic diseases are examples of the multidimensional nature of the issues encountered on this interface, which often occurs because of complicated ecological, socioeconomic and behavioral factors. The aspects of parasitic and parasitic-vector borne diseases as threats to global health, as well as the issues of the opportunities of integration at the interface of One Health are presented with a rich set of contributions of variedvarying from nature as different studies address different levels of the One Health approach: field based, surveillance based and specific to a given parasites. In essence, the One Health framework fosters the use of transdisciplinary approaches in order to learn and reduce the threat of zoonoses. The existence of parasites is featured as a direct and indirect disease mediator, and they have been affected by ecological fluctuations, global business, human utilisation of the land, wildlife encounters, and recession in climate change. The articles that are a part of this Research Topic underscore highlight the role of parasites as important ecosystem health sentinels and as under-recognized risks to human, and animal health.Echinococcosis is an exemplary reflection of such nuance, through infections of Echinococcus multilocularis (a zoonotic highly pathogenic cestode in humans). Japanese investigators offers two articles that examine this parasite in changing two different perspectives. Kida et al. [1] report a unique example of E. multilocularis infection in domestic dog with evidence of gastrointestinal manifestations in Hokkaido, highlighting its the hazard of reverse zoonosis hazard and the need to monitor this parasite in companion animal the diseases in veterinary practices. Simultaneously, Fukui et al. [2] evaluate the ecologic drivers, including vegetation and proximity to urban centers, affecting the density of fox feces (through which the prevalence of parasites can be inferred) in endemic regions thereby connecting wildlife ecology to the monitoring of population health.Likewise, Zoonotic concernzoonotic scabies has has taken the re-emerged form of scabies, which is a parasitic body disease. According to Christiana et al. [3], there is an alarming incident of Sarcoptes scabiei infection getting passed on tofrom dromedary camels to humans is posing humans via dromedary camels, posing a risk to the occupational health of pastoral societies and highlights the need to focus on awareness of diagnostics. Such examples indicate the changing boundaries of zoonotic parasitism and the need to have early warning systems that have to be integrated within both the veterinary and human health care systems. Parasitological surveillance of the wildlife species is often neglected, yet the species are important in a disease ecology context. Liu et al. [4] document the existence of Pentatrichomonas hominis in the Tibetan antelope-a species that is not only ecologically sensitive but also one that is indicative of the high-altitude ecosystem. This is indicative of the possibility of translocation, adaptation of parasites in other species living on distant habitats enhanced by the overlap of livestock and wildlife and the resultant climatic changes. On a similar note, Gao et al. [5] cite a huge variation in Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in wild rodents in three Chinese provinces, establishing the role of reservoir species in maintaining and transmitting parasites in the wild.There are also other zoonotic nematodes in the form of the zoonotic filarial nematode genera, Brugia which crosses surprising boundaries. Infection with Brugia sp. has been identified in a captive lion, which is an extension of the known host ranges and pose a risk to a source of concern to zoo personnel and those who handle wild animals [6]. Likewise, Liu et al. [7] revealed the presence of Giardia intestinalis in highly cultivated furbearerscommercial farm raised fur animals in the north of China, including mink, foxes, and raccoon dogs, which indicates that industrialized animal culture forms a facilitator of protozoan spread amongst the animal units.These case studies indicate the immediacy of embeddedness of wildlife, exotic and farm-raiseded animals disease and health status in the expanded One Health approaches. Marginalized populations are frequently overrepresented in parasitic diseases. Getie et al. [8] examined the burden of intestinal parasitic infection in food handlers in Gondar City, Ethiopia, and it was found that the outcomes demonstrated were high incidence rates and the cause was due to poor hygiene habits and low education levels. In their study, the researchers emphasize the necessity of specific public health education and the regular screening of the employees within the of food industry, particularly in low-resource countries. Parallel to these findings, we have Thailand where Maneepairoj et al. [9] addressed helminth infection around forest-proximal waste stations, and examined the interests of rodents and murine-related parasites.. were taken into consideration. They have determined found that ecological degradation, substandard sanitation, and close proximity to humans are in common factors which creates conditions that promote promoting cross-species parasites and also raiseincrease the risk of parasite exposure to humans. beings.Ullah et al. [10] also investigated the prevalence of the Hyalomma tick species on livestock in Pakistan, . and The investigators found the presence of Rickettsiales DNA, pointing to a dual parasitic-vector status, and underliningilluminating the possible underestimation of threats to livestock productivity and even human health in arid regions. Water is one of the major channels in the spread of parasitic infections, particularly in pastoral and peri-urban areas. Rafiq et al. [11] investigated Cryptosporidium prevalence of goats and local water, linking body around them to underscore the infectivity of the pathogen to pollute the environment and sustain infection rates. Their work contributes to the demand need to introduce combined livestock-water monitoring and protein protozoa diagnosis enhancement in order to reduce the contamination of the environment. theis another important examples of this water-borne routearea. Gattan et al. [12] describe their investigation research investigated of the anti-cryptosporidial effect of eugenol, a natural compound, through both initial in different ways, first through in vitro and then subsequent in vivo testingevaluations. The positive findings results support the necessity utility of plant-based and inexpensive therapeutic solutions, particularly, amid antimicrobial resistance growth and the lack of effective treatments of cryptosporidiosis in general. Translational dimensions of parasite research can be well illustrated in contributions that discuss the field of drug research, and disease modulation. Rahman et al. [13] used the tools of computational biology tools to identify effective inhibitors (ZINC67974679 and, ZINC67982856 and ZINC05668040) against Rickettsia felis, a pathogen causative in the flea-borne spotted fever disease. The combined power of their multiple, methods that consisted of such procedures as( virtual screening, pharmacokinetic modeling, and docking analysis), illustrate the future direction of parasitic disease research: through rapid, non-expensive, and precision based methods.Fazilani et al. [14] also discussed the possible use of artesunate in the therapy of Babesia microti infection in mice, as the drug demonstrated demonstrates strong antiprotozoal activity. This makes it possible to repurpose drugs on neglected parasitic diseases where there are few investments in the pharmaceutical industry. Within these series of One Health and zoonotic parasites papers, a study evaluating crossprotection, underscores the importance of parasite immunomodulation,Interestingly enough, the situation of protection of parasite species one with the other is also considered. A study by El-Kady et al. [15] showed that predisposed Trichinella spiralis infection may prevent the development of hepatic fibrosis caused by Schistosoma mansoni, indicating that immunomodulatory strategies stimulated by the interaction of two organisms may be a promising solution. Zeng et al. [16], Exploring explored an innovative aspect of gastrointestinal the study of parasites and host microbiome., in one dimension, the guts ofThis study evaluated rats infected with Anisakis pegreffii and showed shown in the work by Zeng et al. [16] were examined. Their findings propose that parasitic infection can bias the host's microbial community. The authors discussed of the host thus questioning the impact of parasitic infection on disease outcomes and the immune system. The potential therapeutics or diagnostics that may emerge by can taking take advantage of these microbiome-parasite interactions and may be based not on eliminating the parasite, but on altering the host's microbial landscape of the host. The experiences of the findings of the various studies and their findings included within as described by this Research Topic demonstrate the feel both heavy and full ofdiversity of biologic complexity of parasite infections related to One Health. Under the One Health Since institutional supporting of the One Health movement, is already under consideration, there are several main priorities to be addressedfor the future which include the followings:1.Fortifying Surveillance: Surveillance should be enhanced, not only between dogs living in our cities and rodents living in our forests, but also on a species and ecosystem level to identify any emerging threats in a timely manner. Cross-Sectoral Collaboration: Parasitology has research need to utilize the molecular biology, computational science, social sciences and veterinary epidemiology toolboxes to be able to deliver a complete and multidisciplinary solution. All in all, tThe contributions to this Research Topic enhance our knowledge about the topic of parasitism at the interface between humankind, animals, and the our environment and help to emphasize the relevancy of the parasitic diseases on the world health. with regard to this issue. To deal with themthese aspects, one will need innovation, equity, and collaboration which are the features of the One Health philosophy.