Ultrasonographic features of epididymitis in dogs: a case series

Stefano Spada¹Marco Russo²Sebastian Patrick Arlt^1*Bianca Lourdes Frehner¹Gaia Pagani¹Joana Rodriguez Carvalho¹Hélène Jainek¹Nicola Ambrosio²Daniela De Felice²Johannes Herbel¹

• ¹Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
• ²Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal production, University of Naples, Federico II, Naples, Italy

Introduction: Epididymitis in dogs is an underreported but clinically relevant condition, often associated with scrotal pain, systemic inflammation, and infertility. Diagnosis commonly relies on clinical and ultrasonographic findings, even though information concerning the latter are poorly documented. This report aims to describe the ultrasonographic features of epididymitis in a series of clinical canine cases, including clinical and laboratory findings. Materials and Methods: Clinical cases of dogs affected by epididymitis were retrospectively included. Clinical signs, andrological findings, ultrasonographic abnormalities of the epididymis and testicles, blood analysis and, where available, cytological or histopathological data were recorded. Ultrasonographic features evaluated included epididymal size, capsular integrity, echotexture, vascularization, presence of mineralization and scrotal effusion. Results: Fourteen dogs with epididymitis were included, and the condition was unilateral in eleven dogs (eight left-sided) and bilateral in three. On B-mode ultrasound the epididymal tail was the most frequently affected portion. Other frequent findings included epididymal enlargement, capsular irregularity, and inhomogeneous echotexture. Mineralization, hypoechoic cavities, and peri-epididymal oedema were observed, but not present in all cases. Concurrent testicular and urogenital abnormalities, along with leucocytosis and neutrophilic left shift, were common in acute cases. Conclusion: This is the first case series describing ultrasonographic patterns of epididymitis in dogs. Early recognition via ultrasound may support targeted treatment and fertility preservation.